Heverly Morais

Características fisiológicas e de crescimento de cafeeiro sombreado com guandu e cultivado a pleno sol

The characterization of shade effects on the physiology of coffee is important to determine optimum levels of radiation and temperature, as well as to subsidize studies on growth of shaded plants aiming at determining the ideal coffee plant architecture that maximizes the capture of the available solar radiation in shaded environments. The objective of this work was to evaluate physiological and growth characteristics of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) shaded with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and under full sun. The low level of incident radiation on the coffee shaded with pigeonpea caused decreases in the photosynthetic rate and transpiration, increased plant height and leaf size, but diminished leaf dry matter. These results indicate that the excess of shade drastically affects the physiology and morphology of C. arabica.

Modifications on leaf anatomy of Coffea arabica caused by shade of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

Adaptacoes de plantas da mesma especie aos diferentes habitats, constituem a base da diferenciacao entre folhas a pleno sol e folhas sob sombra e estao associadas a caracteristicas anatomicas distintas. Para caracterizar tais mudancas em cafeeiros cultivados sob sombra de guandu (Cajanus cajan) e a pleno sol, em Londrina, PR, foram realizadas avaliacoes de modificacoes ocorridas na anatomia foliar. As estruturas internas avaliadas foram: parede celular e cuticula; epiderme; mesofilo (parenquima palicadico, parenquima lacunoso e espacos intercelulares) e estomatos. Para todas as variaveis avaliadas observaram-se diferencas anatomicas entre folhas expostas ao sol e a sombra. As folhas expostas ao sol apresentaram cuticulas e paredes celulares mais espessas, celulas da epiderme mais estreitas, parenquima palicadico com celulas mais alongadas, parenquima lacunoso espesso e com poucos espacos intercelulares e maior numero de estomatos. Folhas sob condicoes de denso sombreamento apresentam menor espessamento da cuticula e da parede celular; mesofilos com menores volumes, porem com maiores espacos intercelulares; epidermes com celulas mais espessas e estomatos em menor quantidade, envoltos por celulas subsidiarias de menores dimensoes. Plantas cultivadas a pleno sol apresentam maiores taxas fotossinteticas. Assim, Coffea arabica caracteriza-se como uma especie com grande amplitude de adaptacao fenotipica as mudancas na intensidade de radiacao solar.

Sombreamento de cafeeiros durante o desenvolvimento das gemas florais e seus efeitos sobre a frutificação e produção

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of shading during the period of floral buds development on the growth and maturation of coffee fruits, production and grain size of Coffea arabica L. The experiment was carried out in Londrina, PR, Brazil. Plots of adult coffee plants were shaded monthly in April, May, June, July and August of 2004 using shading screens with 50% of porosity. The coverings were removed simultaneously at the beginning of October of the same year. The interception of 50% of incident radiation over the coffee canopy in different periods of floral buds development did not alter fruit growth and development. Fruit maturation was anticipated due to high temperatures and water deficit, however without significant differences on maturation periods among treatments. Grain yield and size were not affected by shading in the different periods.

Desenvolvimento da espinheira-santa sob diferentes intensidades luminosas e níveis de poda

M. ilicifoliahas antiulcerogenic and antigastric properties and a large pharmacological and cosmetic use not yet explored in a rational way. The development of plants submitted to various light and pruning managements was evaluated during a year. Two experiments were carried out, one in a shaded area under native species and another in a full sun light area. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six replicates and 2 plants in each experimental unit. Three pruning levels were used, plants without elimination of leaves/prune; plants with elimination of 30% of the leaves and branches; plants pruned at 20 cm above the soil. The treatments were evaluated during four periods (0; 100; 211; 331 days after pruning (DAP)). In the full sunshine area, plants submitted to the drastic prune did not develop leaves until 331 DAP. Under this light intensity the number of leaves per branch was different for each pruning level (varying from 11.2 to 15.7 without prune; and from 8.7 to 11.7 with 30% of prune), but kept constant during all evaluation periods. In the area under shade, plants submitted to drastic prune showed higher number of leaves per brunch (25.0 and 29.8 with 100 and 211 DAP, respectively) and the higher leaf area (18.0; 13.9 and 15.5 cm2 with 100, 211 and 331 DAP). The shading proved to be a better condition for the development of plants and for biomass production than the full sunlight condition. This is a very important factor to be considered to establish the growth and to define the management strategies to produce holy thorn plants. The maximum daily temperatures were reduced until 2.9oC in the shaded area in comparison to the full sunlight area. The relative air humidity varied between 63,3 and 79,4% under both conditions.

Desenvolvimento de gemas florais, florada, fotossíntese e produtividade de cafeeiros em condições de sombreamento

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of shading, during the period of floral development, on floral bud, flowering, photosynthesis and grain yield of coffee plants. Adult plants IAPAR 59, grown in Londrina, Parana State, Brazil, were shaded in different periods, with shading screens with 50% porosity, and compared to open-grown plants. The shading screens were placed in monthly intervals, from April to August, and were all removed in the beginning of October. Shading density and period did not influence the amount of nodes in each event of development on floral bud, period and intensity of flowering, photosynthesis and grain yield of the coffee plants, which indicates that the interception of until 50% incident radiation, during the period of floral development, does not affect the yield potential of this crop.

HORAS E UNIDADES DE FRIO EM POMARES DE MAÇÃ COM DIFERENTES MICROCLIMAS

RESUMOA informacao da quantidade de frio em locais com microclimas distintos e um importante subsidio tecnologico para os produtores de maca, pois reduz os custos de producao, otimiza o momento da aplicacao de indutores de brotacao e proporciona melhor homogeneizacao da brotacao e frutificacao, melhorando a qualidade dos frutos e fornecendo ao agricultor informacoes para a escolha de especies e cultivares mais adaptadas as condicoes microclimaticas locais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os microclimas em pomares de maca e calcular as horas de frio e unidades de frio acumuladas no periodo de abril a setembro de 2013, bem como avaliar a tendencia e variabilidade temporal do numero de horas de frio para a regiao sul do Parana. Para isso, foram instaladas duas estacoes meteorologicas automaticas no interior de pomares de maca, em duas localidades do municipio de Palmas-PR. Os registros dos dados climaticos foram obtidos de outubro de 2012 a setembro de 2013. Para a analise climatologica de horas de frio, foram utilizados dados da serie historica de 1979 a 2013 do IAPAR, provenientes de uma estacao meteorologica convencional situada no municipio de Palmas-PR. Existem diferencas na quantidade de horas e unidades de frio acumuladas em localidades proximas, porem com microclimas distintos. Em 2013, os meses de julho e agosto foram os que apresentaram maior numero de horas de frio. O acumulo de unidades de frio foi semelhante entre os metodos Carolina do Norte Modificado e Utah Modificado. Ha tendencia temporal decadal de reducao do numero de horas de frio na regiao sul do Parana.