Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros Costa

Concentração espacial da indústria de São Paulo: evidências sobre o papel da disponibilidade de gás natural

A utilizacao de gas natural tem ganhado grande espaco na matriz energetica brasileira, principalmente dentro do setor industrial. Para um conjunto de segmentos e processos industriais, a utilizacao de gas natural como energetico ou materia-prima envolve significativos ganhos dos pontos de vista ambiental, tecnico e economico. A hipotese motivadora deste trabalho esta relacionada ao potencial papel de indutor do desenvolvimento regional que a disponibilidade de energia possui. Foram definidas duas principais vias de analise: (i) a avaliacao do nivel de concentracao geografica (ou espacial) da industria, verificando-se a existencia de padroes distintos para a media da industria e um grupo de setores definidos como heavy users de gas natural (cerâmica, textil e quimica), e (ii) a avaliacao e mapeamento das correlacoes espaciais entre o emprego industrial (proxy da atividade industrial) e a presenca de gasodutos. Para o estado de Sao Paulo verificou-se que existe uma forte correlacao positiva entre a presenca de gasodutos de distribuicao de gas natural e o nivel de emprego para os segmentos heavy users, mesmo quando se consideram os efeitos de outras variaveis relevantes, tais como custos de transporte, qualificacao da mao de obra e ganhos com a especializacao.

Regulatory Framework of Upstream and Onshore Unconventional Gas in Brazil

This chapter aims to provide a brief overview of onshore unconventional resources in Brazil. In this task, it analyzes the shale gas potential on Brazilian sedimentary basin. In addition, we described the regulatory framework related to shale gas as well as the currently concession agreement. Then we address the challenges that we consider crucial to realize the unconventional in Brazil: exploration deadlines, chain supplier of goods and services and environmental licensing. We conclude that the exploitation of unconventional resources in Brazil, could be a strategy to join forces to ensure a stable supply of natural gas in the long term, but the operationalization of this path suffered a series of setbacks regulatory, legal and economic that denounce certain fragility of the attractiveness of the Brazilian Upstream.

Regulatory Challenges of Natural Gas Downstream in Brazil

In this chapter we describe the history of the natural gas activities in the Brazilian downstream sector. In addition, we highlight natural gas constitutional and legal frameworks, including attributions and competences of the regulatory agency. In this sense, Gas Law is compared to Brazilian challenges for the expansion of the natural gas market as well as some of natural gas regulatory risks are studied. Finally, we draw conclusions.

Midstream Regulation in Brazil: Main Issues in Pipeline Natural Gas System

Historically, countries have been carrying out structural reforms in the natural gas industry, trying to ensure a fair price through efficiency and economic rationality as well as introducing competition. In this chapter, we discussed two main issues in pipeline natural gas system: pipeline pricing and open access rules to third parties. This approach is based on a literature review as well as on the regulatory framework. Regarding pipeline pricing, Brazil currently adopts the postal price methodology related to the services of the transport activity, which lacks rationality and economic efficiency in allocating costs among consumers and impacts the process of expanding investments in the gas pipeline network. Our analysis showed that price subsidies granted to the Brazilian gas cause changes in the competitive advantages among the consumer markets in the different regions of Brazil, besides impacting the democratization in the supply of the energy input and interfere in the decisions of allocating investments of potential consumers in the natural gas market. It concluded that the information transparency and the changes on tariff regulation should increase the development of infrastructure, competition as well as fair natural gas price. Related to open access rules to third parties, the Petroleum Law was not able to promote a competitive environment. First, because there was not tariff system defined. Second, the transporter could exercise vertical integration. However, the Natural Gas Law have tried to move forward from the vertical integration to a competitive market. In addition, the new proposal of Directive, currently in discussion, has a clear perspective to increase the availability of operational and contractual information on the transport of natural gas. Thus, the perspective regarding open access to third parties is still in a positive management by ANP. Of course, the third parties, mainly, Carriers need to wait that new Directive to be enact in those terms.

The Technological and Economic Features of Brazilian Oil, Gas and Biofuel Industries

From 1999 onwards, the National Oil and Natural Gas Agency and Biofuels opened a series of Tendering Rounds for the Concession of exploration blocks in the Brazilian sedimentary basis, which led to an increase in proven oil reserves from 7.1 billion barrels at the beginning of 1998 to 14.2 billion barrels at the end of 2010. On September 2013, 312 concessions, operated by 25 companies, were awarded, raising national production to 2,094 Mbbl/day (1,000 barrels per day) of oil. Regarding natural gas production, on July 2013, there was 79.99 million m3/day, 6.9 % more than the previous month. This expansion is due to significant growth in investments in national exploration and production activities, especially in Sao Paulo state, in light of recent discoveries in Santos and the rise in local demand, as well as the possible diversification of companies supplying natural gas in the upstream sector. Related to the final consumption of liquid biofuels, between 2011 and 2012, the National Energy Balance - BEN (EPE, 2013) shows a 4.9 % growth driven, above all, by the increased consumption of gasoline and diesel, as well as a 3.8 % rise in electricity consumption, influenced by residential and commercial sectors.

Justiça e sustentabilidade: a destinação dos royalties de petróleo

This paper aims to define the principle of justice intrageneration and intergeneration by creating the idea of the humankind as one. It proposes the principle as a standard of the allocation of the government takes from the production of hydrocarbons. It assumes as a basic purpose of the public policies the sustainability of quality of life on the Earth. Thus, it argues that the allocation of the government take on public policies should reflect the needs of each place, considering the vocation of its territorial development, as well as the integral sustainability and the enforcement of fundamental rights of its population.