Hisafumi Okabe

Possible chemoresistance-related genes for gastric cancer detected by cDNA microarray

To identify chemoresistance‐related genes of gastric cancer, we utilized cDNA microarray technology. Thirty‐five gastric cancer specimens surgically resected at our institute between 1998 and 1999 were studied for quantification of expression of 6300 genes by means of oligonucleotide microarray methods, and the results were evaluated in comparison with the chemoresistance of the specimens, which was determined by MTT (tetrazolium‐based 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Inhibition rates (IR) were determined for cisplatin (DDP), 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), mitomycin C or doxorubicin. IR of 60% or more was regarded as sensitive to each agent, and IR of less than 40% was defined as resistant. Clustering was successfully completed for DDP, resulting in selection of 23 candidates as DDP‐resistance‐related genes, including vascular permeability factor, 2 membrane transporting subunits, and retinoblastoma‐binding protein‐1. In addition, further selection of DDP‐resistance‐related genes was performed according to these criteria: 1) Expression of the gene can be detected in more than 70% of resistant tumors. 2) Expression can be detected in less than 30% of sensitive tumors. 3) Expression in tumors is more than twice that of normal mucosa in more than 50% of specimens. Then, metallothionein‐IG and heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) were identified as candidate DDP‐resistance‐related genes. When known DDP‐resistance‐related genes were analyzed according to the MTT assay result, families of glutathione‐S‐transferase and cydooxygenase‐2 genes were also evaluated as resistance‐related genes. For 5‐FU resistance, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and HB‐EGF‐like growth factor genes were also suggested to be resistance‐related genes. The present study demonstrated that oligonucleotide microarrays can provide information regarding chemoresistance factors in cancer. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 355–359)

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel fungal chitin synthase inhibitors.

A novel Candida albicans chitin synthase 1 (CaChs1) inhibitor, RO-41-0986 (1) was discovered by random screening. Systematic modification led to the identification of a highly potent CaChs1 inhibitor, RO-09-3024 (2), having strong antifungal activity against Candida spp. in vitro.