Hitoshi Ieda

Assessing Performance Reliability of Road Networks Under Nonrecurrent Congestion

Reliability is becoming an increasingly important attribute of road networks. An approach to assess the performance reliability of road networks under nonrecurrent congestion is suggested. Nonrecurrent congestion can arise anywhere along the roadway; when it does arise, it suddenly reduces the capacity of the roadway and makes the traffic condition unstable. Confronted with such uncertain traffic conditions, commuters are known to exhibit different behaviors, namely, risk aversion, risk neutrality, and risk seeking, which are formulated by the expected disutility approach. Commuters are assumed to choose the path with minimal expected disutility. Consequently, a disutility-related multiclass user equilibrium might be achieved when the expected travel disutility between each origin-destination pair can be determined separately and uniquely. Because this disutility implies dissatisfaction or disliking with levels of variations of travel times perceived by commuters, it offers a suitable measure of network reliability for network design. The disutilityrelated multiclass user equilibrium is formulated as a nonlinear complementarity problem, which is a nonadditive path cost problem and can be solved by recently proposed path-based algorithms. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the application of the proposed approach.

Optimal Improvement Scheme for Network Reliability

Performance reliability of road networks has become a more prevailing concern for engineers and planners involved in network design. To improve network reliability the most, engineers and planners may need to decide which links need improvement and at the same time account for the route choice behavior of network users. Using a simple network example, a new reliability version of Braess’s paradox is presented showing that increasing the capacity or decreasing the variability of travel time for some links may actually lead to a less reliable network. A bilevel programming model is proposed through which the reliability paradox can be avoided and an optimal improvement scheme for the existing links may be determined to achieve the most reliable network, subject to a budget constraint. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the model together with a sensitivity analysis–based algorithm.

An International Container Shipping Model in East Asia and its Transferability

Under the rapid expansion of container shipping in Eastern Asia with the increased size of vessels seeking economy of scale, hub-spoke operations with efficient transshipment, and global alliances of shipping companies, an Asia-range simulation model to estimate the effects of policy improvement of port facilities and operations upon maritime container flow patterns is proposed. In this chapter, the transferability of the original model, which was based on data from 1993, is ascertained by data from 1998. The models reproducibility is similar to the original model, although the newer model leads to more extensive hub-spoke transportation than in actual use.

Modeling risk-taking behavior in queuing networks with advanced traveler information systems

The paper formulates risk taking behavior over general queing network with advanced traveler information systems (ATIS). It supposes that drivers equipped with ATIS will make their choices based on the complete information about travel time and its possible variations, while drivers without ATIS have to choose based on their past experience and subjective understandings. The mixed behavior time dependent equilibrium problem is formulated as a nonlinear complementarity problem and a heuristic route/time swapping approach is proposed to solve the problem. Also investigated is the implementation of ATIS on a toy network under varied values of market penetration.

Modified Herfindahl–Hirschman Index for Measuring the Concentration Degree of Container Port Systems

In the evolution of the container port system, “concentration” has been highlighted in both shipping practices and the literature. However, existing concentration measures such as the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) cannot appropriately be used to measure the degree of concentration of port markets. This paper aims to develop a standardized index for measuring the concentration degree of container port systems on a country level. The geo-economic concentration index, a modified HHI that considers competitive interactions between ports by incorporating geographical and economic characteristics of countries, is presented. The developed index was applied to 10 selected port systems to examine how their concentration degree changed from 1975 to 2007. The results show that the modified HHI can better reflect the concentration degree of port systems than the conventional HHI.

Development and Management of Transport Systems

The cities in Asia are in different stages of economic development and have diversified historical background and cultural heritage. However, there are development and management issues of transport systems that are common to all. These include planning and management of public transit systems, roles of paratransit, management of city logistics operations, enhancement of traffic safety, socio-economic and environmental concerns such as preservation of cultural heritage and accommodation of non-motorized transport, and the role of intelligent transport systems in sustainable urban development in the Asian context. This chapter presents discussions of the issues and examines what options are available to Asia in each of these issues.

Sustainability in Urban Transport: Multidimensional Meanings and States

Substantiality in urban transport has multidimensional meanings and states reflecting various concepts according to the viewpoint based on the atmosphere of the area. Substantiality in Asian context should have its particular concept considering megacities of high density and mixed use of urban areas. Substantiality is regarded as a key concept to guide transport policy and planning in an Asian context.

Development and Application of CM-GATS Algorithms in Solving Large Multilevel Hierarchical Network Design Problems

This study discusses a method that overcomes the size limitations in solving large size multilevel hierarchical hub location problem with a single allocation by using a stepwise solving approach called CM-GATS. This model uses a clustering algorithm to divide a given network into several small clusters with a manageable number of nodes then separately use hybrid heuristic algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm and Tabu Search to solve each cluster. The applicability of the proposed model in solving large multilevel hierarchical network design problems was verified by providing calculation results of CM-GATS in a large network containing up to 2,000 nodes.

Managing Transport Supply and Demand: From Passengers to Freight

This chapter introduces five main subjects in transport supply and demand management namely TDM development in Singapore and Hong Kong; effects of congestion pricing at the Namsan Tunnels and bus system restructuring in Seoul; managing the use of motorcycles in Taiwan; and challenging Sustainable Urban Logistics.

For Better Urban Form: From Macroscopic Control to Microscopic Development

This chapter explains how urban transport systems can contribute to better urban form using several best practice cases in Asia. First, policies for controlling urban sprawl through implementation of Restricted Development Zones (RDZ) and Transit Oriented Development (TOD) are introduced. The RDZs were introduced in major Korean cities from the early 1970s in order to contain urban sprawl. However, RDZs have been adjusted since the early 2000s reflecting changed priorities and public perception towards RDZs. Tokyo is a typical railway oriented city and Tokyo offers an outstanding benchmark case for TOD through private sector participation in rail-related infrastructure developments. A historic review of Seouls tram, bus and subway-oriented development cases are also offered. Second, some typical trials on making urban centers more attractive are introduced. The Cheonggyecheon Stream restoration in downtown Seoul is one of the most salient success stories of urban revitalization in recent years. Japans Kamakura case for pedestrian oriented policy is also introduced. Experimental measures for making Kamakura more walkable are discussed, including park-and-ride implementation, environmentally friendly passes, and pedestrian only paths. Hanois efforts for cultural preservation by maintaining traditional villages are discussed. A comparative analysis of Manila and Edo is also offered for spatial and historical comparison in planning, design and management of street spaces between the two cities. Third, the roles and importance of tram systems in mid-sized cities are explained. The positive roles of trams in the Japanese city of Hiroshima and the Chinese city of Dalian are introduced; their relative importance in each citys urban transportation is compared. Finally, comparison of Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) policy in several countries is conducted. TIAs are required for new building construction and area developments over a certain size in all regions of Korea. It is concluded that TIAs in Korea have contributed significantly to improvements of transportation infrastructure. Japans TIA is aimed at alleviating traffic congestion and guiding the city to environmentally sustainable development through prior forecasting and implementing relevant countermeasures. In China, the TIA is applicable in big metropolises such as Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing. Relatively larger-sized residential and commercial developments in metropolitan areas are currently regulated in China.