Hollis B. Chenery

Capital-Labor substitution and economic efficiency.

Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.

Patterns of development 1950-1970

The past forty years have seen numerous attempts to discover uniformities in economic behavior by a comparison of economies at different levels of income. Many detailed comparisons have focused on individual characteristics of developing countries, notably consumption, savings, investment, taxation, industrialization, and population growth. These studies apply a variety of statistical methods to different country samples and time periods - their results are not generally comparable. However, they do demonstrate the value of comparative analysis for a variety of purposes. The main objective of the report is to provide a comprehensive description of the structural changes that accompany the growth of developing countries and to analyze their interrelations.

Growth and poverty in developing countries

A quantitative framework for projecting levels of poverty under different assumptions about GNP growth, population growth, and changes in income distribution is described. Differences in distributional policies have been at least as important to poverty alleviation as differences in aggregate growth rates. A marginal share for the lowest 60 percent of income recipients of approximately 40 percent is as high as has been observed in countries in which growth has been sustained at reasonable levels. Substantial improvements in income distribution have taken place under a variety of policies. The model indicates that it is possible to design national and international policies to eliminate the lag between growth of income of the poor and growth of the developing country as a whole. However, such results would require substantial modification of both national and international policies that are unlikely to take place without a considerable reordering of social priorities. Economic data are included. 36 references.

Handbook of Development Economics, Volume 2.

For this Handbook authors known to have different views regarding the nature of development economics have been selected. The Handbook is organised around the implications of different sets of assumptions and their associated research programs. It is divided into three volumes, each with three parts which focus on the broad processes of development. Volume 1 of the Handbook begins by discussing the concept of development, its historical antecedents, and alternative approaches to the study of development, broadly construed. The second part is devoted to the structural transformation of economies. The role that human resources play in economic development is the focus of the last section of this volume.

Studies in development planning

In 1965, a group of economists at Harvard University established the Project for Quantitative Research in Economic Development in the Center for International Affairs. Brought together by a common background of fieldwork in developing countries and a desire to apply modern techniques of quantitative analysis to the policy problems of these countries, they produced this volume, which represents that part of their research devoted to formulating operational ways of thinking about development problems. The seventeen essays are organized into four sections: General Planning Models, International Trade and External Resources, Sectoral Planning, and Empirical Bases for Development Programs. They raise some central questions: To what extent can capital and labor substitute for each other? Does development require fixed inputs of engineers and other specialists in each sector or are skills highly substitutable? Is the trade gap a structural phenomenon or merely evidence of an overvalued exchange rate? To what extent do consumers respond to changes in relative prices?

Restructuring the world economy : round II

Since 1973 attempts to adjust the structure of the world economy to rapidly rising costs of energy have dominated all other economic issues. This paper argues that the energy transition is closer to completion than would appear from the behavior of oil markets, primarily because many countries at first resisted the necessary changes in domestic prices. Once the energy adjustment appears more manageable, it should be possible to resume progress on the problems of long-term development. In support of these propositions, the extent to which the energy adjustment is already in train will be examined. Then the economic interests of the three main groups of participants in the global adjustment: the oil-exporting countries, the industrial countries, and other developing countries are discussed.

The Use of Interindustry Analysis in Development Programming

The current efforts to promote the growth of the less developed economies have stimulated great interest in interindustry analysis, and input-output studies have been completed in more than a dozen such countries. The main purpose of this research has been to analyse development possibilities and to provide a better basis for government policy.

Redistribution with Growth: The Economic Framework

A major activity of IDS during the 1970s was participation in three Employment Missions of the ILO’s World Employment Programme—the first two led by Dudley Seers to Colombia and Sri Lanka. The third, led by Hans Singer and Richard Jolly, went to Kenya, resulting in the ILO publication Employment, Incomes and Equality (ILO, 1972). Central to the policies proposed was the idea of Redistribution from Growth, a strategy first formulated by Hans Singer as a means to reduce poverty at an accelerated rate by combining a measure ofprogressive redistribution of the increments of income from growth into assets of the poor (education and health as well as physical investments) which would directly add to the production of the poorest groups over the medium to longer term. A year later, IDS joined with the World Bank to produce a study generalizing the strategy as Redistribution with Growth. The elements of the strategy were set out in the joint IDS-World Bank Publication. Three economists from IDS and three from the World Bank took part in the study. Hollis Chenery, Vice President, Development Policy, of the World Bank was senior author and wrote the introductory summary with Montek Ahluwalia, at the time a Division Chief, Income Distribution Division of the World Bank.

Structural Change and Development Policy.

The approach to development policy that is illustrated in this volume has emerged from two parallel lines of research. The first consists in developing models that incorporate basic features of the resource endowments, productive structure, and policy constraints on a particular country. Studies based on structural characteristics of Japan, Chile, Israel, and Pakistan illustrate this procedure. These models are used either to analyze the sources of growth and structural change in the past or to simulate the effects of alternative policies in the future. The second line of research consists in comparative econometric studies that seek to identify uniform patterns of change in the structure of demand, production, and trade, as well as the effects on these patterns of size and other country characteristics.

Redistribution with Growth: Policies to Improve Income Distribution in Developing Countries in the Context of Economic Growth.

Policies to improve income distribution in developing countries in the context of economic growth - a joint study by the World Banks Development Research Center and the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.