Holly J. McCammon

HoW MOVEMENTS WIN: GENDERED OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES AND U.S. WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENTS, 1866 TO 1919

State womens suffrage movements are investigated to illuminate the circumstances in which social movements bring about political change. In 29 states, suffragists were able to win significant voting rights prior to passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. In addition to resource mobilization, cultural framing, and political opportunity structures, the authors theorize that gendered opportunities also fostered the successes of the movements. An event history analysis provides evidence that gendered opportunity structures helped to bring about the political successes of the suffragists. Results suggest the need for a broader understanding of opportunity structure than one rooted simply in formal political opportunities.

Movement Framing and Discursive Opportunity Structures: The Political Successes of the U.S. Women's Jury Movements

Collective actors typically attempt to bring about a change in law or policy by employing discursive tactics designed to convince key political decision-makers to alter policy, yet few systematic studies of the effects of social movement framing on political outcomes exist. We theorize that the cultural context in which framing takes place moderates the success of movement framing in winning changes in policy. We examine the efforts of organized women, during roughly the first half of the twentieth century, to convince lawmakers to broaden jury laws to give women the opportunity to sit on juries. To examine the combined effect of framing and the discursive opportunities provided by hegemonic legal principles, traditional gender beliefs, gendered political opportunities, opposition framing, and wartime, we use logistic regression. The findings provide substantial evidence that framings influence is moderated by discursive elements in the broader context. Our results suggest that investigations of how citizen groups influence law and policy must take into account framings important role and the ways in which the cultural context conditions framings influence.

Becoming Full Citizens : The U.S. Women's Jury Rights Campaigns, the Pace of Reform, and Strategic Adaptation

Few studies of social movement political success investigate the strategic and tactical approaches used to achieve positive political outcomes. This work investigates a rarely studied mobilization of U.S. women in the first half of the 20th century to explore how movement organizations bring about legal change. Archival data for 15 states are examined to investigate how women won the right to sit on juries. The authors argue that jury movement activists engaged in strategic adaptation were more likely to win a change in jury laws rapidly. Those not engaged in such strategic action won their reforms more slowly. The authors suggest that when social movement actors tailor their actions to respond to exigencies in the environment they are more likely to expedite political success.

Legal Limits on Labor Militancy: U.S. Labor Law and the Right to Strike since the New Deal

Since passage of the Wagner Act in 1935, U.S. labor law has guaranteed workers the right to strike. Three years later, the same system of law assured the employers right to continue production in spite of a strike. This paper explores how the Wagner Act and its subsequent developments have simultaneously empowered workers and constrained their collective capacity to exercise control over the workplace. Historical legal analysis of Wagner and its applications, interpretations, and amendments indicates that the law has diminished the effectiveness of the strike, reduced the likelihood of its occurrence, and limited its legitimate forms, all the while sustaining the right to strike. I argue that by this careful balance of empowerment and constraint, the state has found the means of reconciling the structural constraints of capitalism—the imperatives of accumulation—with those of democracy— the demands of legitimacy.

WINNING THE VOTE IN THE WEST The Political Successes of the Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919

When Congress passed the 19th Amendment in 1919 granting women voting rights, 13 western states had already adopted woman suffrage. Only 2 states outside the West had done so. Using event history analysis, the authors investigate why woman suffrage came early to the western states. Alan Grimess hypotheses, that native-born, western men were willing to give women the vote to remedy western social problems and to increase the number of women in the region, receive little support in our analysis. Rather, this study finds that woman suffrage came to the West because of the mobilization of the western suffrage movements and because of political and gendered opportunities existing in that region.

No weapon save argument: Strategic frame amplification in the U.S. woman suffrage movements

U.S. woman suffragists routinely utilized two types of arguments in their demands for voting rights: justice and reform. The former argument held that women should vote because they were mens equals and therefore should have political rights equal to those of men. Reform arguments stated that women should have the ballot because women, given their unique womanly experiences and perspectives, would bring a unique contribution to politics, making society a more humane place. Although social movement scholars have increasingly studied the framing work of movement activists, few systematic studies of framing activity exist. In this work we examine the circumstances that led the suffragists to amplify one or the other of these motivational frames. We find that the suffragists were quite strategic in their choice of frames, targeting particular audiences and taking advantage of cultural opportunities for frame resonance. We find only limited evidence that their frames were driven by the collective identity of particular groups in the movement.

Working in restructured workplaces : challenges and new directions for the sociology of work

Preface Working in Restructured Workplaces: An Introduction - D.B. Cornfield, et al PART I. RECONFIGURING WORKPLACES STATUS HIERARCHIES 1. Teamwork vs. Tempwork: Managers and the Dualisms of Workplace Restructuring - V. Smith 2. Flexible Production, Rigid Jobs: Lessons From the Clothing Industry - I.M. Taplin 3. The Technological Foundations of Task-Coordinating Structures in New Work Organizations: Theoretical Notes From the Case of Abdominal Surgery - J.R. Zetka, Jr. 4. A Tale of Two Career Paths: The Process of Status Acquisition by a New Organizational Unit - E.K. Briody, et al 5. Learning Factories or Reproduction Factories? Labor-Management Relations in the Japanese Consumer Electronics Maquiladoras in Mexico - M. Kenney, et al 6. The Impact of Comparable Worth on Earnings Inequality - D.M. Figart PART II. CASUALIZATION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS 7. Two Paths to Self-Employment? Womens and Mens Self-Employment in the United States, 1980 - D. Carr 8. Getting Away and Getting By: The Experiences of Self-Employed Homeworkers - N.C. Jurik 9. How Permanent Was Permanent Employment? Patterns of Organizational Mobility in Japan, 1916-1975 - M.M. Cheng & A.L. Kalleberg 10. The Transformation of the Japanese Employment System: Nature, Depth, and Origins - J.R. Lincoln & Y. Nakata PART III. RESTRUCTURING AND WORKER MARGINALIZATION 11. Taking It or Leaving It: Instability and Turnover in a High-Tech Firm - K. Schellenberg 12. Just a Temp: Experience and Structure of Alienation in Temporary Clerical Employment - J.K. Rogers 13. Womens Work, Mens Work, and the Sense of Control - C.E. Ross & M.P. Wright 14. Group Relations at Work: Solidarity, Conflict, and Relations With Management - R. Hodson 15. Effects of Organizational Innovations in AIDS Care on Burnout Among Urban Hospital Nurses - L.H. Aiken & D.M. Sloane 16. Adapting, Resisting, and Negotiating: How Physicians Cope With Organizational and Economic Change - T.J. Hoff & D.P. McCaffrey 17. Reemployment in the Restructured Economy: Surviing Change, Displacement, and the Gales of Creative Destruction - B.A. Rubin & B.T. Smith PART IV. COMPARATIVE LABOR RESPONSES TO GLOBAL RESTRUCTURING 18. To Cut or Not to Cut: A Cross-National Comparison of Attitudes Toward Wage Flexibility - A. van den Berg, et al 19. Globalization and International Labor Organizing: A World-System Perspective - T. Boswell & D. Stevis 20. Trade Unions and European Integation - R. Hyman 21. The Impact of the Movement Toward Hemispheric Free Trade on Industrial Relations - R.J. Adams 22. Labor and Post-Fordist Industrial Restructuring in East and Southeast Asia - F.C. Deyo CONCLUSION 23. The Changing Sociology of Work and the Reshaping of Careers - P.M. Hirsch & C.E. Naquin 24. The Advent of the Flexible Workplace: Implications for Theory and Research - A.L. Kalleberg 25. Index About the Contributors

The “Unmaking” of a Movement?

The sad particulars about the “House of Labor” in the America of the 1980s are well known: Labor quiescence predominates, and the trade union movement, demoralized and disorganized, has rapidly lost momentum. The number of union members began to decline in 1979 and continued to do so for another decade, representing the greatest sustained loss of unionists since the 1920s. Unions have since lost between 4 1/2 and 5 1/2 million members. The rate of decline of “union density” (i.e., union membership as a percentage of the nonfarm labor force), already visible since 1954, began to steepen around 1979: It averaged about 0.4% per year for the period 1954–1978 but between 1% and 1.25% annually since 1979, more than double the previous rate.1 In the 1950s, unions won about two-thirds of the National Labor Relations Board certification elections held; in the 1960s, almost 60%. Since the late 1970s, however, unions have been winning only about 45% of NLRB certification elections, and during the Reagan years number of such elections declined by about 50% (Moody, 1987). Finally, labor’s strike activity, too, is much lower today than it was even two decades ago, with production time lost to strikes during the mid-1980s reaching an historic low.

Elizabeth Blackwell’s Heirs Women as Physicians in the United States, 1880-1920

Sociologists and historians of medicine have documented the under representation of women as physicians in the United States during the critical period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have speculated on the barriers to women’s greater access to the profession. To date, however, there has been no quantitative analysis of factors that may have hindered or facilitated women’s efforts to become physicians. Using data on 48 U.S. states from 1880 to 1920, this article explores the relative effects on women’s share of physicians of conservative gender culture, male physicians’ opposition to women as colleagues, and nursing as an alternative occupation. These analyses demonstrate that women were less common in states with conservative gender cultures, male physicians’ actions in opposition to women had little impact (net of other factors), and nursing was not an alternative occupation that attracted women who might otherwise have considered medicine as a career.

ASR 2010 to 2012

We are delighted to have this opportunity to serve as editors of the American Sociological Review. While conducting the various duties of editorship, we find ourselves in the heart of the space where scholarly dialogue is crafted, discussed, debated, and disseminated. It is an exciting and privileged place to be. Here, authors share their theoretical, empirical, and methodological ideas; reviewers respond with constructive commentary; editors, deputy editors, and editorial board members weigh in with their thoughts on the scholarly discourse; and the journal’s readership is ultimately presented with some of the very finest scholarship in sociology. The ASR editors’ position offers a very special view of the discipline. It is an honor for us to play this leadership role in our scholarly community. It is a role that we pledge to fulfill to the very best of our abilities. But, importantly, we also want to invite you to be a part of this scholarly dialogue, and there are multiple ways to participate. We hope you will send the journal your very best work. ASR is the discipline’s flagship journal and with great consistency its articles are theoretically innovative, empirically rigorous, and methodologically sophisticated. They present original research and meet the highest standards of scholarship in our field. Moreover, the journal publishes a wide range of manuscripts, with a variety of methodological approaches, theoretical foci, and substantive topics. A critical goal of our editorship is to continue the practices of past editors that ensure these priorities of high quality and inclusivity are met. Our scholarly community also depends heavily on the good citizenship of those who agree to review journal manuscripts. In making decisions about the publication status of a manuscript, we are guided by commentary we receive from expert reviewers. If you have not yet reviewed for ASR, please The ASR editors (from left to right): Larry W. Isaac, Holly J. McCammon, Tony N. Brown, and Katharine M. Donato. Editors’ Comment