Karen E. Campbell

SOCIAL RESOURCES AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

We address two questions central to the “network as resources” argument, using network data from two mass surveys. First, how is range best measured? We identify six dimensions of range: one each reflecting network size and complexity, and two each representing density and diversity. Second, what is the nature of the relationship between SES and social resources? Evidence here supports the proposition that network range and composition are positively related to an actors socioeconomic status.

HoW MOVEMENTS WIN: GENDERED OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES AND U.S. WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENTS, 1866 TO 1919

State womens suffrage movements are investigated to illuminate the circumstances in which social movements bring about political change. In 29 states, suffragists were able to win significant voting rights prior to passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. In addition to resource mobilization, cultural framing, and political opportunity structures, the authors theorize that gendered opportunities also fostered the successes of the movements. An event history analysis provides evidence that gendered opportunity structures helped to bring about the political successes of the suffragists. Results suggest the need for a broader understanding of opportunity structure than one rooted simply in formal political opportunities.

Name generators in surveys of personal networks

Abstract To investigate the consequences of name generators for network data, we compare characteristics of egocentric networks from Wellmans East York survey, Fischers Northern California Communities Study, the General Social Survey, and our study of networks in 81 Nashville, Tennessee neighborhoods. Network size, age and education heterogeneity, and average tie characteristics were most strongly affected by the name generator used. Network composition, and racial and sexual heterogeneity, were more invariant across different kinds of name generators.

Racial differences in urban neighboring

Despite mixed expectations generated by existing theories and evidence, this analysis documents clear racial differences in urban neighboring behavior. Using data from a survey of Nashville, Tennessee, residents, we show that blacks interact with their neighbors more often than whites do, and in a greater variety of ways. The only noteworthy similarity between the two groups is the positive impact of neighboring on feelings of community affect. Overall, our results support the view that neighbor relations — like other kinds of informal participation — have helped blacks cope with constrained social opportunities and provided them with access to resources unavailable through formal institutional channels.

Women in Academic Surgery: The Pipeline Is Busted

PURPOSE This investigation examined the trends for gender-based advancement in academic surgery by performing a comparative analysis of the rate of change in the percentage of medical students, surgery residents, and full professors of surgery who are women. METHODS All available Women in Medicine Annual Reports were obtained from the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC). The gender compositions of medical graduates, surgery residents, and full professors were plotted. Binomial and linear trendlines were calculated to estimate the year when 50% of surgery full professors would be women. Additionally, the percentage distribution of men and women at each professorial rank was determined from 1995 to 2009 using these reports to demonstrate the rate of academic advancement of each gender. RESULTS The slope of the line of increase for women full professors is significantly less than for female medical students and for female general surgery residents (0.36, compared with 0.75 and 0.99, respectively). This predicts that the earliest time that females will account for 50% of full professors in surgery is the year 2096. When comparing women and men in academic ranks, we find that women are much less likely than men to be full professors. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of full professors in surgery who are women is increasing at a rate disproportionately slower than the increases in female medical students and surgery residents. The rates of increase in female medical students and surgery residents are similar. The disproportionately slow rate of increase in the number of female full professors suggests that multiple factors may be responsible for this discrepancy.

WINNING THE VOTE IN THE WEST The Political Successes of the Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919

When Congress passed the 19th Amendment in 1919 granting women voting rights, 13 western states had already adopted woman suffrage. Only 2 states outside the West had done so. Using event history analysis, the authors investigate why woman suffrage came early to the western states. Alan Grimess hypotheses, that native-born, western men were willing to give women the vote to remedy western social problems and to increase the number of women in the region, receive little support in our analysis. Rather, this study finds that woman suffrage came to the West because of the mobilization of the western suffrage movements and because of political and gendered opportunities existing in that region.

Working in restructured workplaces : challenges and new directions for the sociology of work

Preface Working in Restructured Workplaces: An Introduction - D.B. Cornfield, et al PART I. RECONFIGURING WORKPLACES STATUS HIERARCHIES 1. Teamwork vs. Tempwork: Managers and the Dualisms of Workplace Restructuring - V. Smith 2. Flexible Production, Rigid Jobs: Lessons From the Clothing Industry - I.M. Taplin 3. The Technological Foundations of Task-Coordinating Structures in New Work Organizations: Theoretical Notes From the Case of Abdominal Surgery - J.R. Zetka, Jr. 4. A Tale of Two Career Paths: The Process of Status Acquisition by a New Organizational Unit - E.K. Briody, et al 5. Learning Factories or Reproduction Factories? Labor-Management Relations in the Japanese Consumer Electronics Maquiladoras in Mexico - M. Kenney, et al 6. The Impact of Comparable Worth on Earnings Inequality - D.M. Figart PART II. CASUALIZATION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS 7. Two Paths to Self-Employment? Womens and Mens Self-Employment in the United States, 1980 - D. Carr 8. Getting Away and Getting By: The Experiences of Self-Employed Homeworkers - N.C. Jurik 9. How Permanent Was Permanent Employment? Patterns of Organizational Mobility in Japan, 1916-1975 - M.M. Cheng & A.L. Kalleberg 10. The Transformation of the Japanese Employment System: Nature, Depth, and Origins - J.R. Lincoln & Y. Nakata PART III. RESTRUCTURING AND WORKER MARGINALIZATION 11. Taking It or Leaving It: Instability and Turnover in a High-Tech Firm - K. Schellenberg 12. Just a Temp: Experience and Structure of Alienation in Temporary Clerical Employment - J.K. Rogers 13. Womens Work, Mens Work, and the Sense of Control - C.E. Ross & M.P. Wright 14. Group Relations at Work: Solidarity, Conflict, and Relations With Management - R. Hodson 15. Effects of Organizational Innovations in AIDS Care on Burnout Among Urban Hospital Nurses - L.H. Aiken & D.M. Sloane 16. Adapting, Resisting, and Negotiating: How Physicians Cope With Organizational and Economic Change - T.J. Hoff & D.P. McCaffrey 17. Reemployment in the Restructured Economy: Surviing Change, Displacement, and the Gales of Creative Destruction - B.A. Rubin & B.T. Smith PART IV. COMPARATIVE LABOR RESPONSES TO GLOBAL RESTRUCTURING 18. To Cut or Not to Cut: A Cross-National Comparison of Attitudes Toward Wage Flexibility - A. van den Berg, et al 19. Globalization and International Labor Organizing: A World-System Perspective - T. Boswell & D. Stevis 20. Trade Unions and European Integation - R. Hyman 21. The Impact of the Movement Toward Hemispheric Free Trade on Industrial Relations - R.J. Adams 22. Labor and Post-Fordist Industrial Restructuring in East and Southeast Asia - F.C. Deyo CONCLUSION 23. The Changing Sociology of Work and the Reshaping of Careers - P.M. Hirsch & C.E. Naquin 24. The Advent of the Flexible Workplace: Implications for Theory and Research - A.L. Kalleberg 25. Index About the Contributors

Elizabeth Blackwell’s Heirs Women as Physicians in the United States, 1880-1920

Sociologists and historians of medicine have documented the under representation of women as physicians in the United States during the critical period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have speculated on the barriers to women’s greater access to the profession. To date, however, there has been no quantitative analysis of factors that may have hindered or facilitated women’s efforts to become physicians. Using data on 48 U.S. states from 1880 to 1920, this article explores the relative effects on women’s share of physicians of conservative gender culture, male physicians’ opposition to women as colleagues, and nursing as an alternative occupation. These analyses demonstrate that women were less common in states with conservative gender cultures, male physicians’ actions in opposition to women had little impact (net of other factors), and nursing was not an alternative occupation that attracted women who might otherwise have considered medicine as a career.