Hong Woo Park

Optimal Harvesting Time of Ginseng Seeds and Effect of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) Treatment for improving Stratification Rate of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Seeds

This study was performed to identify optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds and to examine the effect of GA3 treatment for improvement of seed stratification rate. Ginseng seeds harvested from Land race, Chunpoong and Yun- poong cultivar in July 20 were tested for stratification rate. It was shown that stratification rates of land race, Yunpoong and Chunpoong cultivar were 94.1%, 93.1%, and 82.6%, respectively. Seeds of Chunpoong cultivar harvested 10-15 days later showed a comparable stratification rate to that of Land race, indicating that late harvest of Chunpoong seeds is beneficial for the increase of stratification rate. The higher stratification rate was found in mature seeds (92.3%) than immature seeds (37.8%), both of which were harvested in July 20. Stratification rate of mature seeds harvested in July 15 was 87.5%, dem- onstrating optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds with higher stratification rate is after mid-July. An exponential growth of endosperms of ginseng seeds was observed from early June to mid-June and then slow growth was observed. There was no obvious growth of embryos from fertilization to mid-August. After the this time, embryos quickly grew until late October. Thus, appropriate stratification control is essential during the period (from early September to late October) in order to optimize embryo growth and development. While no increase of stratification rate was observed in seeds treated with 50 ppm of GA3, significant increases were observed in seeds treated with 100 ppm of GA3. At this concentration of GA3, the stratification rate of Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar was 95.0%, 95.3%, and 96.5%, respectively.

Analysis of Growth Characteristics and Physiological Disorder of Korean Ginseng Affected by Application of Decomposing Plant Residues in Paddy-Converted Field

*Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.**Planning and Coordination Division, NIHHS, RDA, Suwon 441-440, Korea.ABSTRACT : This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growthcharacteristics in six years old ginseng affected by application of decomposing plant residues in paddy-converted field. Theresults show that aerial parts of ginseng are no difference between press cake (PC) 200 ㎏/10a and control but subterraneanparts of ginseng PC 200㎏/10a, especially quantity related root fresh weight and tap root diameter, are statically about 1.6times heavier and about 1.2 times thicker than the ginseng control. Furthermore, the survival rate of PC 200㎏/10a is67.1% rise significantly compare with the control 50.7%. But compared with the PC 200㎏/10a and the PC 400㎏/10a,ginseng root growth and survival rate of PC 400㎏/10a get worse and that increase physiological disorder occurrence ratethan PC 200㎏/10a. Even though there are no significant differences between the ginseng of decomposing plant residuesexcept press cake treatment and the ginseng of control in growth characteristics, it does tend to increase the survival rateand decrease the physiological disorder occurrence rate in most fertilizer treatment except for RSC 2 ton/10a, RSC 4 ton/10a and RH 4 kL/10a. Noted that EC is highly increased and exceeded 1.7 ds/m in RSC 2 ton/10a, RSC 4 ton/10a and RH4kL/10a. It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways and affected ginseng growth characteristics, survival rate.Key Words : Korean Ginseng, Paddy-Converted Field, Decomposing Plant Residues, Ginseng Physiological Disorder, Press Cake

Emergence Rate and Growth Characteristics of Ginseng Affected by Different Types of Organic Matters in Greenhouse of Direct-Sowing Culture

Shading and soil environment are the main factors of growth and yield in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Ginseng yield is directly related to survival rate because of increased missing plant for their growing period. Under field conditions, diseases and pests significantly affect plant survival rate. We evaluated the seedling establishment, growth and ginsenoside of the ginseng plants, under controlled management conditions in a plastic greenhouse, when their treated with different types of organic matter. Ginseng seeds were sown at a rate of three seeds per hole, and the seeding space measured . Compared to the control, treatment of cattle manure vermicompost (CMV) was shown to increase seedling establishment and decrease ginsenoside content. Root weights of plants treated with CMV were higher than those of plants treated with other types of organic matter. In addition, seedling establishment of 2-year-old ginseng plants was decreased when it was compared to that of 1-year-old ginseng plants. Our results indicated that organic matter type and rate were associated with seedling establishment, growth characteristic and ginsenoside content in greenhouse of ginseng direct-sowing culture.

Effect of Sowing Density and Number of Seeds Sown on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Seedling Stands under Direct Sowing Cultivation in Blue Plastic Greenhouse

*Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea. **Planning and Coordination Division, NIHHS, RDA, Suwon 440-706, Korea.ABSTRACT : This study was performed to investigate the effects of sowing density and number of seeds sown on the emer-gence rate and growth characters of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse.Ginseng seedlings, derived from seeds sown directly at different densities (90, 108, 135, and 162 seeds per 1.62 ㎡), were cul-tivated in sandy loam soil within a blue plastic greenhouse. In contrast to the emergence rate, which decreased with anincrease of sowing density, number of survival plant showed an increasing trend. Interestingly, the emergence and numberof survival plant were significantly enhanced when 2 or 3 seeds were sown per hole compared with when one seed was sownper hole. Growth of the aerial parts of ginseng were not markedly influenced by sowing density or the number of seeds sown.However, chlorophyll content (SPAD values) increased with an increase in sowing density. Root parameters, such as rootlength, diameter, and weight, and the number of lateral roots decreased with an increase in sowing density, but were notnoticeably influenced by the number of seeds sown. Total saponin content was the highest in the treatment plot containing135 seeds. Similarly, the content of each ginsenoside was also tended to be higher in this treatment than in other treatmentplots. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it was possible to determine the optimal sowing density and seednumber for the direct sowing cultivation of ginseng in blue plastic greenhouse.Key Words : Ginseng, Direct Sowing, Sowing Density, Plastic Greenhouse

Growth Characteristics and Yields of 3 Year Old Korean Ginseng with Different Planting Densities in Direct Seeding Cultivation

*Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea. **Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.ABSTRACT : The present study was investigated the effect of planting density on plant growth and yield of Panax ginsengC. A. Meyer. Sowing density is one of the most important factors affecting yield. The value of roots have affected by shape,color, weight and degree of disease injury in ginseng. Also, it needed to minimize elapsed time for 5 years including pre-planting field management and cultivation period. We were conducted to evaluate that planting densities and varieties onthe growth, yield and missing rate. The direct sowing was treated seeds density as a four levels (seeds; 72, 90, 120, 144) and10 different varieties with 3 years old ginseng roots. Root weight was significantly affected by planting density and variety,but the number of lateral root and yield were affected by only planting density. Growth index was related to variety andplanting density. Also, Root shape index was affected by both varieties and planting densities. Suitable planting density andvariety were 120 plant per 1.62㎡ and Gopoong, respectively. Results showed that it was also a significant difference(p = 5%) in variety of planting density on growth. Key Words : Panax ginseng, Varieties, Direct Sowing Cultivation, Planting Density

Effects of Enhanced Light Transmission Rate During the Early Growth Stage on Plant Growth, Photosynthetic Ability and Disease Incidence of Above Ground in Panax ginseng

This study was performed to investigate the effects of enhanced light transmission on plant growth, photosynthetic ability, and disease tolerance to leaf blight, anthracnose in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliacease family) during the early growth stage (April to June). The photosynthetic ratio, stomatal conductance, and stem diameter of plants grown under a shade net with 15% light transmission rate showed an increasing trend compared to the control plants (5% light transmission rate) although the growth of the aerial parts were not influenced significantly. Plant height, stem length, and leaf length of treated plants were not significantly different from those of the control plants. Root parameters, such as root length, diameter, and weight of treated plants increased significantly compared to the control. Yield performance () of treated plants was 55.5% higher than that of the control (). Additionally, disease severity scores of treated plants were lower than those of the control plants, revealing higher survival rates. To retain high yield potential and enhance the level of disease tolerance in ginseng, we suggest the increase of light transmission rate during the early growth stage.

Effect of Seed Density, Number of Seeds Sown Per Hole and Thinning Treatment on Growth Characteristics and Disease Occurrence in Greenhouse-Cultivated Ginseng

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing density, number of seeds sown per hole, and thinning treatment on growth characteristics and disease occurrence in Panax ginseng under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse. Seedling were grown from 2 or 3 seeds sown, and the healthiest was only retained, while the rest were thinned out at the foliation stage. -N, , and organic matter content differed significantly between growth conditions in the plastic greenhouse and in conventional shade in the soil. Disease also tended to be higher in the conventional shade than in the plastic greenhouse. Plant height and stem length showed an increasing trend with increasing sowing density and number of seeds sown per hole. However, these measures noticeably decreased when thinning treatment was conducted. Growth of the subterranean part of ginseng was not markedly influenced by sowing density, the number of seeds sown per hole, or thinning treatment. Root weight, which is an important factor in yield, was significantly affected by the number of seeds sown and thinning treatment. Interestingly, root weight tended to be higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control plot. Damping-off and root rot increased noticeably as the number of seeds sown increased. Disease also tended to be substantially higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control. However, physiological disorder of the plants did not vary with sowing density, the number of seeds sown, or thinning treatment.

Overexpression of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase by Introducing CaFPS Gene in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

FPS (farnesyl diphosphate synthase) plays an essential role in organ development in plants. However, FPS has not previously been identified as a key regulatory enzyme in triterpene biosynthesis. In order to investigate the effect of FPS on ginsenosides biosynthesis, we over-expressed FPS of Centella asiatica (CaFPS) in Panax giseng adventitious roots. PCR analysis showed the integrations of the CaFPS and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes and we ultimately selected three lines. The result of Southern blot analysis demonstrated the introduction of the CaFPS gene into genome of ginseng. In addition, the results of RT-PCR analysis revealed that CaFPS gene overexpression induced an accumulation of its transcription in the ginseng adventitious roots. To determine whether or not the overexpression of the CaFPS gene contributes to the downstream gene expression associated with triterpene biosynthesis, the level of mRNAs was analyzed by real-time PCR. The result showed that no differences were detected in any expression of all genes. To determine quantitatively the content of ginsenosides in transgenic ginseng adventitious roots, HPLC analysis was conducted. The content of total 7 ginsenosides was increased to 1.8, 1.4, and 1.7 times than that of the controls, respectively. This indicated that the overexpression of CaFPS in ginseng adventitious roots causes an increase in ginsenoside content, although down stream genes of FPS gene were suppressed by CaFPS overexpression.

Growth Characteristics of Ginseng Seedlings as Affected by Mixed Nursery Soil under Polyethylene Film Covered Greenhouse

This study was conducted to find out the optimum composition of nursery soil for raising seedling of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Total 9 kinds of raw materials were used such as peat-moss, perlite, leaf mould, rice bran, gulls guano, castor-oil plant bark, palm bark, cow manure and chicken manure for optimum composition of nursery soil in ginseng. Occurrence of damping-off in ginseng was lowered about 50% in nursery soil type 1, 2 and 4 than in other types nursery soil in June, and occurrence rate of rusty root also lowest in nursery soil type 1. As the salinity of nursery soil increased, so did the occurrence of physiological disorder in ginseng seedling. The cause of salinity increasing in nursery soil has closely relation to NO3-N, P2O5 and Na + content. Plant height, root length, diameter and weight were longer and heavier in nursery soil type 1 (mixing ratio of peat-moss, perlite and leaf mould was 50 : 20 : 30 based in volume) than in other types of nursery soil. So nursery soil type 1 was selected for raising seedling of ginseng. pH and electric conductivity (EC) of selected nursery soil type 1 was 5.55 and 0.13 dS/m. Contents of NO3-N and P2O5 were 21.0 and 40.0 ㎎/L, and K + 0.36, Ca 2+ 3.38, Mg 2+ 2.01 and Na + 0.09 cmol + /L, respectively.