Hongqiang Yang

Study on China's timber resource shortage and import structure: Natural Forest Protection Program outlook, 1998 to 2008.

The state of Chinas ecological environment has improved to some extent since the Chinese government initiated the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) in 1998. The logging prohibition and limitation policies adopted by the NFPP, however, have reduced domestic timber supply. Together with the thriving economy, decreasing domestic timer supply continues to widen the gap between supply and demand. Importation is considered to be the primary solution to this issue, making China the worlds largest timber importer. Chinas major timber suppliers are Russia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, and Gabon, among which Russia accounts for more than 61 percent of Chinas total timber imports. The relatively cheaper conifers imported from Russia account for more than 60 percent of all imported timber, with volumes continually increasing because of the rapid pace at which China has been implementing its infrastructure projects. In addition, as living standards continue to improve, requirements for home decor and furniture also grow, further increasing the demand for tropical to temperate timber. In the long term, imports will remain the main solution to the insufficient domestic timber supply in China.

China's Wood Furniture Manufacturing Industry: Industrial Cluster and Export Competitiveness

China is the largest furniture exporter in the world. Its wood furniture industry has become an important part of the country’s forestry economic development. Hence, investigating China’s furniture industry cluster and export competitiveness is favorable for the sustainable development of China’s forestry industry. This study indicates that, under the guidance of the export-oriented strategy of China’s reform and opening up for 30 years, the country’s furniture industry has formed three big industry areas, namely, the Eastern Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Bohai Rim Region. As the strategy shifts from export orientation to a focus on domestic demand, the Midwest area will take over China’s industrial transfer. At present, China’s furniture products have an important position in the world market. In 2010, furniture exports accounted for 27% of the world’s total exports, with wood furniture accounting for

Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Flow in Harvested Wood Products for China

10.6 billion worth of exports, or 58% of China’s total exports of furniture. Among the main export markets, the United States accounted for 39% of China’s total exports. In terms of international furniture trade, an important mutual influence exists between China and the United States. China’s office furniture and kitchen furniture have price advantages, whereas the bedroom furniture lacks price advantages. The production and export of mahogany furniture face the pressure of raw material shortage because of the protection of tropical forest resources. Hence, this challenge puts China’s furniture industry in future competition from emerging countries such as Malaysia.

Carbon Balance and Contribution of Harvested Wood Products in China Based on the Production Approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

SUMMARY The storage of carbon in harvested wood products (HWP) is an important forestry issue in the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention. Given that China is a large HWP-trading country, studies on carbon storage and flow of HWP trade are important to help mitigate carbon concentrations in this country. Total carbon storage has continuously increased, and the accumulated carbon storage of HWP in use is greater than that from wood harvested in China. The average annual changes in carbon stock from 1961 to 2011 based on stock-change, production, and atmospheric-flow approaches were 10.6, 7.6, and 2.6 Mt C per year, respectively. Carbon flow in wood product imports has increased constantly, thereby increasing carbon stocks via a stock-change approach. Based on atmospheric-flow approach, large imports of primary wood materials increased the carbon emissions. As a result, the trade of HWP has made HWP in China become a “carbon source.”

A meshless symplectic algorithm for nonlinear wave equation using highly accurate RBFs quasi-interpolation

The carbon sequestration of harvested wood products (HWP) plays an important role in climate mitigation. Accounting the carbon contribution of national HWP carbon pools has been listed as one of the key topics for negotiation in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. On the basis of the revised Production Approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) (IPCC), this study assessed the accounting of carbon stock and emissions from the HWP pool in China and then analyzed its balance and contribution to carbon mitigation from 1960 to 2014. Research results showed that the accumulated carbon stock in China’s HWP carbon pool increased from 130 Teragrams Carbon (TgC) in 1960 to 705.6 TgC in 2014. The annual increment in the carbon stock rose from 3.2 TgC in 1960 to 45.2 TgC in 2014. The category of solid wood products accounted for approximately 95% of the annual amount. The reduction in carbon emissions was approximately twelve times that of the emissions from the HWP producing and processing stage during the last decade. Furthermore, the amount of carbon stock and emission reduction increased from 23 TgC in 1960 to 76.1 TgC in 2014. The annual contribution of HWP could compensate for approximately 2.9% of the national carbon dioxide emissions in China.

Eliminating Illegal Timber Consumption or Production: Which Is the More Economical Means to Reduce Illegal Logging?

This study suggests a high-order meshless symplecitc algorithm for Hamiltonian wave equation by using highly accurate radial basis functions (RBFs) quasi-interpolation operator. The method does not require solving a resultant full matrix and possesses a high order accuracy compared with existing numerical methods. We also present a theoretical framework to show the conservativeness and convergence of the proposed symplectic method. As the numerical experiments shown, it not only offers a high order accuracy but also has a good property of long-time tracking capability.

A multiquadric quasi-interpolations method for CEV option pricing model

Illegal logging, with its related trade of illegally harvested timber, is one of the main environmental and economic problems worldwide. Eliminating illegal timber consumption and production are two practical means to reduce illegal logging. However, the problem of determining which of the two means is more economical remains to be analyzed. In this study, an input–output analysis was conducted to evaluate the consumption and production of illegal timber in different countries. The Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) was employed to analyze the effects of eliminating illegal timber consumption and production on the added value of the forest sector at global and national levels. Results indicated that eliminating illegal timber production is more economical than eliminating consumption at the global level. The former is estimated to decrease the added value of the global forest sector only by 3.37% compared to 7.31% by the latter in 2030. Eliminating the production of illegal timber will result in uneven distribution of social wealth in the forest sector, and will pass the cost of reducing illegal logging onto developing countries. Developed countries would gain more added value and market scale than the global average, whereas developing countries would suffer a loss if illegal timber production is eliminated. Hence, developed countries are encouraged to provide financial support to help developing countries reduce illegal logging.

Optimal buying at the global minimum in a regime switching model

Abstract The pricing of option contracts when the underlying process follows the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model is considered. For CEV European options, the closed-form solutions involve the non-central chi-square distribution, whose computations by the current literatures are rather unstable and extremely expensive. Based on multiquadric quasi-interpolation methods, this study suggests a stable and fast numerical algorithm for CEV option pricing model. The method is confirmed to be a multinomial tree, in which the underlying variable moves from its initial value to an infinity of possible values of the next time step. The probabilities in the associated tree are ensured to be positive, which is a sufficient condition for stability and convergence. The method is flexible, since it is simple to implement with the nonuniform knots. Moreover, the method is easy to value the Greek letters which are important parameters in financial engineering, as the multiquadric function is infinitely continuously differentiable. Besides, the method does not require solving a resultant full matrix, the ill-conditioning problem arising when using the radial basis functions as a global interpolant can be avoided. Numerical experiments imply that the method is highly effective to calculate the stock options and its Greeks under the CEV model.

Research on Key Technologies in the Field of Wood Saving and Substitution in Packaging of Electromechanical Products

This paper addresses the problem of buying an asset at its expected globally minimal price, to that end, we model it as an optimal stopping problem with regime switching driven by a continuous-time Markov chain. We characterize the optimal stopping time by optimizing the value functions and writing them as solutions of a system of integral equations. Finally we develop a stochastic recursive algorithm for numerical implementation.

The forest ecological footprint distribution of Chinese log imports.

Wood saving and substitution is an effective means to relieve the imbalance between wood supply and demand in China. The packaging of electromechanical products consumes a considerable amount of wood, so the promotion of wood saving and substitution in the packaging of electromechanical products has significant meaning in saving quality timber and protecting forest resources and ecological environments. This paper presents the research on key technologies in the field of wood saving and substitution of packing of electromechanical products to resolve problems with substitute materials, manufacturing equipment, technological process and standardization in the field of wood saving and substitution in packaging of electromechanical products in China.