Hyun-Kyung Oh

Mapping of Vegetation Using Multi-Temporal Downscaled Satellite Images of a Reclaimed Area in Saemangeum, Republic of Korea

The aim of this study is to adapt and evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-temporal downscaled images technique for classifying the typical vegetation types of a reclaimed area. The areas reclaimed from estuarine tidal flats show high spatial heterogeneity in soil salinity conditions. There are three typical vegetation types for which the distribution is restricted by the soil conditions. A halophyte-dominated vegetation is located in a high saline area, grass vegetation is found in a mid- or low saline area, and reed/small-reed vegetation is situated in a low saline area. Multi-temporal satellite images were used to classify the vegetation types. Landsat images were downscaled to take into account spatial heterogeneity using cokriging. A random forest classifier was used for the classification, with downscaled Landsat and RapidEye images. Classification with RapidEye images alone demonstrated a lower level of accuracy than when combined with multi-temporal downscaled images. The results demonstrate the usefulness of a downscaling technique for mapping. This approach can provide a framework which is able to maintain low costs whilst producing richer images for the monitoring of a large and heterogeneous ecosystem.

A Study on the Potential Vegetation Recovery according to the Environment and Type of Tunnel Entrance and Exit

The purpose of this study is to classify, evaluate and grade the existing highway tunnels to increase landscape and natural statistics keeping the structural safety about tunnel gates area and induce the ones that will be constructed in the future by drawing the improvements and restoring the techniques as an environment-friendly. To examine the types of tunnel gate area, total 54 tunnels were investigated by selecting Gyeongbu Expressway, Yeongdong Expressway, and Jungang Expressway. Tunnel entrances and exit ports were classified as a Wall-closed type and Protruding type, which is based on tunnel gate type. Vegetation Landscape types were classified as Multilayer-Same as the surrounding landscape_(MS), Multilayer-Difference of surrounding landscape_(MD), Single layer-Same as the surrounding landscape_(SS), Single layer-Difference of surrounding landscape_(SD), and a Desolate type which based on vegetation layers and environment-friendly. Potential vegetation recovery was identified based on the structural stability and revegetation potential of the tunnel. The factors include the structural stability of the slope height and slope gradient were selected. Revegetation potential was identified as a growth potential. This factor was used in the step to classify vegetation recovery potential of a tunnel. The result, which investigated the types of tunnel entrances and exit parts has found that the most typical in 33 places was a Wall closed type with 61.1% of the total ones. The case of vegetation landscape types was created but different from the ones surrounding it with 85.2% of the total ones. It is judged that the currently constructed vegetation of tunnel entrance and exit parts had put convenience on the safety and management before landscape consideration. In addition, tunnel entrance and exit parts with excellent potential for vegetation recovery were all Protruding type. In addition, it is judged that slope stability can easily obtain growth. Therefore, entrance and exist of the highway tunnels, which will be constructed in the future, should reflect location and the result of the natural and ecological survey in design by performing it in advance and their types, which minimize the damage area range, should be applied to the local characteristics suitably. In addition, the ecologically healthy tunnel construction should be done by introducing active vegetation recovery techniques based on its safety.

Vascular Plants in the Gyeryongsan National Park

The vascular plants in the Gyeryongsan National Park were listed 227 taxa; 71 families, 148 genera, 196 species, 1 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 forms, Among them, trees and herbs were 103 taxa (45.4%), 124 taxa (54.6%), respectively. The rare plants were identified 6 taxa such as Paeonia obovata (Legal protection species), Viola albida, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Lilium distichum, Lilium callosum and Goodyera schlechtendaliana by the Korea Forest Service. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 8 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Pseudostellaria multiflora, Thalictrum uchiyamai, Indigofera koreana, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Asperula lasiantha, Weigela subsessilis and Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of approved for delivering overseas of plants, 6 taxa were recorded; Viola albida, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Asperula lasiantha, Carex okamotoi, Lilium distichum and Lilium callosum. Specific plant species by floral region were total 21 taxa (9.3%); Paeonia obovata in class V, 5 taxa (Betula davurica, Acer palmatum, Asperula lasiantha, Lonicera subhispida, Phaenosperma globosa) in class III, 4 taxa (Viola orientalis, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Ostericum melanotilingia, Lilium distichum) in class II and 11 taxa (Cephalotaxus koreana, Betula schmidtii, Quercus variabilis, Aphananthe aspera, Ilex macropoda, Meliosma oldhamii, Tilia amurensis, Lilium callosum, Erythronium japonicum, Polygonatum inflatum, Hosta capitata) in class I. It is important that relationship between national and local government will be needed for preservation of natural environment of Gyeryongsan National Park. As well, a long time of monitering and systematical management counterplan will be required.

Management Plan and Vascular Plants in the Major Sites of Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do - Focusing on Mt. Cheontae, Nakdong River Wetland, Beopki Catchment, Yangsan Stream and Mt. Cheonseong -

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for conserving the biodiversity of urban ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in major sites of Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 522 taxa including 110 families, 314 genera, 459 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 13 forms. The rare plants were 5 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla discolor, Viola albida and Hydrocharis dubia. The endemic plants were 13 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Carpinus laxiflora, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 30 taxa including Caltha palustris, Caryopteris incana, Ilex macropoda, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Solanum americanum, Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 5 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Paspalum distichum.

Density and Species Composition of Soil Seed Bank in Rural Stream Topsoil

Purpose of this study was to evaluate germination characteristics of soil seed bank in rural stream topsoil using seedling emergence method in order to provide data for future ecological restoration of stream utilizing topsoil. There were 24 families, 52 genera, 61 taxa of soil seed bank flora found in topsoil from 6 rural streams. The most frequently found taxa were Compositae (12 taxa) followed by Gramineae (8 taxa), Caryophyllaceae (5 taxa), Cruciferae (4 taxa), Scrophulariaceae, Labiatae, Polygonaceae and Cyperaceae. Plant with the most number of germination was Stellaria aquatica followed by Erigeron annuus, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Poa annua, Cyperus microiria and Veronica undulata. Naturalized plants found were Erigeron annuus, Rumex crispus, Oenothera odorata, Cerastium glomeratum, Bidens frondosa, Erigeron philadelphicus, etc.

Vegetation and Flora in the Cheonbansan (Mt.), Jinan

The vascular plants in the Cheonbansan were listed 241 taxa; 72 families, 157 genera, 307 species, 27 varieties and 7 forms. Divided into 241 taxa; woody plants were 95 taxa (39.4%) and herbaceous plants were 146 taxa (60.6%). Based on the rare plants (IUCN) by the Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 2 taxa (Viola albida, etc.). Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 8 taxa (Salix koriyanagi, Lespedeza maximowiczii for. tomentella, Indigofera koreana, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, Lilium amabile, etc.). Specific plant species by floral region were total 15 taxa (6.2% of all 241 taxa of vascular plants); Lonicera subhispida in class, Orostachys sikokianus, Ostericum melanotilingia in class, 9 taxa (Betula schmidtii, Quercus variabilis, Clematis patens, Spiraea blumei, Ilex macropoda, Vaccinium oldhami, Lonicera praeflorens, Microstegium japonicum, Hosta capitata) in class. The naturalized plants in the surveyed sites were 8 families, 13 genera, 16 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Silene armeria, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium pratense, Oenothera odorata, Cuscuta pentagona, Xanthium strumarium, Eragrostis curvula, etc.) and naturalization rate was 6.6% of all 241 taxa of vascular plants. The vegetation of results in the Cheonbansan, a total of 4 plant communities; Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus mongolica community. The occupied in low-slope and valley of Quercus serrata community, mountain side of Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, top and ridge of Quercus mongolica community.

Classification Type of Vascular Plants in Yeohangsan, Muhaksan and Palyongsan, Masan

The vascular plants in Yeohangsan, Muhaksan and Palyongsan were listed 373 taxa; 87 families, 222 genera, 284 species, 3 subspecies, 71 varieties and 15 forms. The flora in the Yeohangsan were listed 267 taxa, Muhaksan were listed 199 taxa and Palyongsan were listed 163 taxa. Divided into 373 taxa; woody plants were 142 taxa (38.1%) and herbaceous plants were 231 taxa (61.9%). Based on the list of rare plants (IUCN) by the Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 3 taxa (Wikstroemia ganpi, Tricyrtis macropoda, etc.). Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 10 taxa (Philadelphus schrenkii var. schrenkii, Indigofera koreana, Lespedeza maritima, Stewartia pseudo-camellia, Weigela subsessilis, Hosta minor, etc.). Specific plants by floral region were total 34 taxa (9.1% of all 373 taxa of vascular plants); 2 taxa (Dumasia truncata, etc.) in class IV, 4 taxa (Rhus succedanea, Stewartia pseudo-camellia, Salvia japonica, etc.) in class III, 3 taxa (Viola orientalis, Cymopterus melanotilingia, Teucrium veronicoides) in class II, 25 taxa (Dryopteris erythrosora, Betula schmidtii, Quercus variabilis, Aphananthe aspera, Morus cathayana, Nanocnide japonica, Clematis patens, Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, Euonymus japonicus, Meliosma oldhamii, Cayratia japonica, Ardisia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum var. japonicum, Trigonotis icumae, Microstegium japonicum, Arisaema ringens, Polygonatum falcatum, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 20 taxa (Rumex crispus, Chenopodium album var. album, Amaranthus lividus, Phytolacca americana, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium repens, Ailanthus altissima for. altissima, Oenothera biennis, Galinsoga ciliata, Bromus unioloides, etc.) and naturalization rate was 5.4% of all 373 taxa of vascular plants.

Classification by plants community of the Wi-do (Island), Buan - focused on Jilli evergreen forest, Chido wetland and Seokgeum.

The flora of the Wi-do (Island) were listed 146 taxa; 61 families, 117 genera, 119 species, 21 varieties and 6 forms. Divided into 146 taxa; woody plants were 73 taxa (50.0%) and like to herbaceous plants were 73 taxa (50.0%). Based on the list of rare plants by Korea Forest Service, existed of the Wi-do (Island); Penthorum chinense (Preservation priority order: No. 144) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa existed; Carpinus turczainovii for. coreana, Lespedeza maximowiczii for. tomentella, Indigofera koreana and Euonymus quelpaertensis. Based on the list of specific plant species by floral region were total 29 taxa (19.9% of all 146 taxa of flora); Raphiolepis umbellata in class III, Caryopteris incana in class II, 27 taxa (Asparagus cochinchinensis, Quercus acuta, Machilus thunbergii, Pittosporum tobira, Euscaphis japonica, Elaeagnus glabra, Ardisia japonica, Aster spathulifolius, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were listed 5 taxa (Chenopodium ficifloium, Phytolacca americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Erigeron annuus, Erechtites hieracifolia) and naturalization rate was 3.4% of all 146 taxa vascular plants. The plants community in the Wi-do (Island) were classified into 7 communities; Carpinus turczainovii for. coreana community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus serrata community, Salix nipponica community and Pinus thunbergii community.

Characteristics of Distribution of Vascular Plants in the Mt. Manduk

The vascular plants in the Mt. Manduk was listed 560 taxa composed of 110 families, 345 genera, 488 species, 1 subspecies, 67 varieties and 4 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 4 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Lilium distichum (Preservation priority order; No. 159), Tricyrtis dilatata (No. 97), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151) and Prunus yedoensis (No. 110). Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 12 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Lilium amabile, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Pseudostellaria multiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Stewartia koreana, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia core ana, Weigela subsessilis and Aster koraiensis. Based on the list of approved for delivering overseas of plants, 7 taxa were recorded; Carex okamotoi, Lilium distichum, Aristolochia contorta, Vaccinium oldhami, Paulownia coreana, Asperula lasiantha and Saussurea seoulensis. Specific plants by floral region were total 32 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in class V, Wistaria floribunda in class IV, 5 taxa (Girardinia cuspidata, Spiraea salicifolia, Acer palmatum, Stewartia koreana, Asperula lasiantha) in class III, 3 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana and Caryopteris incana) in class II and 22 taxa (Pinus koraiensis, Hosta capitata, Chloranthus japonicus, Salix glandulosa, Juglans mandshurica, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in the surveyed sites were 14 families, 36 genera, 44 species, 2 varieties, 46 taxa and naturalization rate was 8.2% of all 560 taxa of vascular plants. Wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing. Therefore, continuous control and conservation measures are needed on the ecosystem of Mt. Manduk.