Hyungdae Kim

On the Mechanism of Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux Enhancement in Nanofluids

The pool boiling characteristics of water-based nanofluids with alumina and titania nanoparticles of 0.01 vol % were investigated on a thermally heated disk heater at saturated temperature and atmospheric pressure. The results confirmed the findings of previous studies that nanofluids can significantly enhance the critical heat flux (CHF), resulting in a large increase in the wall superheat. It was found that some nanoparticles deposit on the heater surface during nucleate boiling, and the surface modification due to the deposition results in the same magnitude of CHF enhancement in pure water as for nanofluids. Subsequent to the boiling experiments, the interfacial properties of the heater surfaces were examined using dynamic wetting of an evaporating water droplet. As the surface temperature increased, the evaporating meniscus on the clean surface suddenly receded toward the liquid due to the evaporation recoil force on the liquid-vapor interface, but the nanoparticle-fouled surface exhibited stable wetting of the liquid meniscus even at a remarkably higher wall superheat. The heat flux gain attainable due to the improved wetting of the evaporating meniscus on the fouled surface showed good agreement with the CHF enhancement during nanofluid boiling. It is supposed that the nanoparticle layer increases the stability of the evaporating microlayer underneath a bubble growing on a heated surface and thus the irreversible growth of a hot/dry spot is inhibited even at a high wall superheat, resulting in the CHF enhancement observed when boiling nanofluids.

Enhancement of critical heat flux in nucleate boiling of nanofluids: a state-of-art review

Nanofluids (suspensions of nanometer-sized particles in base fluids) have recently been shown to have nucleate boiling critical heat flux (CHF) far superior to that of the pure base fluid. Over the past decade, numerous experimental and analytical studies on the nucleate boiling CHF of nanofluids have been conducted. The purpose of this article is to provide an exhaustive review of these studies. The characteristics of CHF enhancement in nanofluids are systemically presented according to the effects of the primary boiling parameters. Research efforts to identify the effects of nanoparticles underlying irregular enhancement phenomena of CHF in nanofluids are then presented. Also, attempts to explain the physical mechanism based on available CHF theories are described. Finally, future research needs are identified.

A Novel Role of Three Dimensional Graphene Foam to Prevent Heater Failure during Boiling

We report a novel boiling heat transfer (NBHT) in reduced graphene oxide (RGO) suspended in water (RGO colloid) near critical heat flux (CHF), which is traditionally the dangerous limitation of nucleate boiling heat transfer because of heater failure. When the heat flux reaches the maximum value (CHF) in RGO colloid pool boiling, the wall temperature increases gradually and slowly with an almost constant heat flux, contrary to the rapid wall temperature increase found during water pool boiling. The gained time by NBHT would provide the safer margin of the heat transfer and the amazing impact on the thermal system as the first report of graphene application. In addition, the CHF and boiling heat transfer performance also increase. This novel boiling phenomenon can effectively prevent heater failure because of the role played by the self-assembled three-dimensional foam-like graphene network (SFG).

Self-assembled foam-like graphene networks formed through nucleate boiling

Self-assembled foam-like graphene (SFG) structures were formed using a simple nucleate boiling method, which is governed by the dynamics of bubble generation and departure in the graphene colloid solution. The conductivity and sheet resistance of the calcined (400°C) SFG film were 11.8 S·cm–1 and 91.2 Ω□−1, respectively, and were comparable to those of graphene obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) (~10 S·cm–1). The SFG structures can be directly formed on any substrate, including transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glasses, metals, bare glasses, and flexible polymers. As a potential application, SFG formed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) exhibited a slightly better overall efficiency (3.6%) than a conventional gold electrode (3.4%) as a cathode of quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs).

Enhanced heat transfer is dependent on thickness of graphene films: the heat dissipation during boiling

Boiling heat transfer (BHT) is a particularly efficient heat transport method because of the latent heat associated with the process. However, the efficiency of BHT decreases significantly with increasing wall temperature when the critical heat flux (CHF) is reached. Graphene has received much recent research attention for applications in thermal engineering due to its large thermal conductivity. In this study, graphene films of various thicknesses were deposited on a heated surface, and enhancements of BHT and CHF were investigated via pool-boiling experiments. In contrast to the well-known surface effects, including improved wettability and liquid spreading due to micron- and nanometer-scale structures, nanometer-scale folded edges of graphene films provided a clue of BHT improvement and only the thermal conductivity of the graphene layer could explain the dependence of the CHF on the thickness. The large thermal conductivity of the graphene films inhibited the formation of hot spots, thereby increasing the CHF. Finally, the provided empirical model could be suitable for prediction of CHF.

An Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Mechanisms in the Microlayer using Integrated Total Reflection, Laser Interferometry and Infrared Thermometry Technique

On a visible-transparent boiling surface, the detailed geometry of a microlayer can be detected using a total reflection technique combined with laser interferometry. On an infrared-opaque boiling surface, the surface temperature and heat flux distribution can be obtained using a high-speed infrared thermometry technique. In the present study, an experimental technique to study heat transfer in the microlayer is described that permits the simultaneous use of the total reflection combined with laser interferometry and infrared thermometry. Boiling takes place from an infrared-opaque and visible-transparent indium–tin-oxide thin-film heater deposited on an infrared- and visible-transparent calcium fluoride substrate. Details of microlayer geometry and the associated surface temperature and heat flux distribution are obtained using an integrated experimental technique. Heat transfer mechanisms in the microlayer are quantitatively discussed.

Drop splashing on a rough surface: How surface morphology affects splashing threshold

We investigate the drop splashing threshold ST of water on a rough surface. Surface roughness has been known to facilitate drop splashing, but a counterexample has been observed. Here, we suggest a possible explanation of how surface morphology affects drop splashing. We focus on the air flow during the splashing event and estimate ST on a rough surface. To demonstrate this effect, experiments using well-designed surfaces were conducted, and the results agree with our relation. This work shows that surface morphology can both suppress and facilitate drop splashing, and presents a method to predict ST on surfaces with different morphologies.

Boiling crisis controlled by capillary pumping and viscous friction: Liquid penetration length and dry spot diameter

A boiling crisis, or critical heat flux (CHF), is a condition that determines the upper bound on removable thermal energy at a boiling surface. In such situations, the liquid cannot wet the surface because a vapor film completely covers it. CHF is enhanced on micro-structured surfaces when under boiling conditions. CHF values were measured for surfaces with rectangular microchannel geometries of various channel widths, (10–30 μm) and generally increased in value as channel widths decreased. However, the CHF value for the 5-μm channel-width surface was found to be lower than the wider channel-width surfaces. This observation contradicts models based on vapor recoil and classical instability mechanisms. Hence, we present a fluid-dynamics model that considers capillary pumping and viscous friction. With a focus on the spatial distribution of the liquid penetration region and the local dry spot under a large vapor bubble, this model can accurately predict the CHF variation associated with different channel wi...

Experimental Study on Heat Flux Partitioning in Subcooled Nucleate Boiling on Vertical Wall

To validate the accuracy of the boiling heat flux partitioning model, an experiment was performed to investigate how the wall heat flux is divided into the three heat transfer modes of evaporation, quenching, and single-phase convection during subcooled nucleate boiling on a vertical wall. For the experimental partitioning of the wall heat flux, the wall heat flux and liquid vapor distributions were simultaneously – obtained using synchronized infrared thermometry and the total reflection technique. Boiling experiments of water with subcooling of 10 °C were conducted under atmospheric pressure, and the results obtained at the wall superheat of 12 °C and average heat flux of 283 kW/m were analyzed. There was a large difference in the heat flux partitioning results between the experiment and correlation, and the bubble departure diameter and bubble influence factor, which account for a portion of the surrounding superheated liquid layer detached by the departure of a bubble, were found to be important fundamental boiling parameters. Corresponding Author, hdkims@khu.ac.kr 2014 The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers C 송준규 박준석 정샛별 김형대 · · · 466 e 기화 : q 급랭 : c 대류 : d 이탈 직경 : 1f 단상 : 2f 상 : 2

Experimental Investigation on the Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux of Water-Based Alumina and Titania Nanofluids on a Flat Plate Heater

Pool boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux (CHF) of water-based nanofluids with alumina and titania nanoparticles of 0.01% by volume were investigated on a disk heater at saturated and atmospheric conditions. The experimental results showed that the boiling in nanofluids caused the considerable increase in CHF on the flat surface heater. It was revealed by visualization of the heater surface subsequent to the boiling experiments that a major amount of nanoparticles deposited on the surface during the boiling process. Pool boiling of pure water on the surface modified by such nanoparticle deposition resulted in the same CHF increases as what boiling nanofluids, thus suggesting the CHF enhancement in nanofluids was an effect of the surface modification through the nanoparticle deposition during nanofluid boiling. Possible reasons for CHF enhancement in pool boiling of nanofluids are discussed with surface property changes caused by the nanoparticle deposition.