I. A. Maurer

Formation of random and regular relief-phase structures on silver halide photographic emulsions by holographic methods

The formation of diffusers and microlens rasters on silver halide emulsions by holographic methods is considered. Two techniques for converting amplitude holographic recording to relief-phase recording, selective curing and irradiation of the emulsion gelatin by short-wavelength UV radiation, are compared.

Forming the surface relief of complex holographic structures on photosensitive material PFG-01

This paper presents an analysis of the results of measurements of the surface relief of holographic diffusers obtained on PFG-01 photoemulsions by means of multiplex holograms. The results of the measurements confirm that different methods of converting amplitude holographic structures into relief-phase structures have a substantial effect on the optical characteristics of the diffusers.

The effect of UV radiation on the properties of diffraction gratings based on dichromated gelatin

Results of experiments on the influence exerted by UV radiation on the height of the surface relief and on the diffraction efficiency of holographic diffraction gratings recorded on dichromated gelatin layers are reported. It is shown that the height of the surface relief substantially increases, which leads to a rise in the diffraction efficiency of the gratings to a value exceeding 25%.

Formation of optical scatterers on silver halide photomaterials using multiplex holograms

A method for formation of optical scatterers based on multiplex holograms is proposed. The synthesis of complicated holographic structures that scatter the incident radiation in a solid angle is theoretically analyzed. A significant effect of the methods for profiling of the surface of the silver halide photolayer on the characteristics of high-efficiency diffusers is experimentally demonstrated.

The Transfer of a Holographic Structure from Dihromated Gelatin Layers on a Polymethylmethacrylate Substrate

The possibility of the transfer of a holographic structure that was originally registered on layers of dichromated gelatin (DCG) onto a substrate material of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been shown. The use of a selective destructive effect of short-wave UV radiation with a wavelength that is less than 270 nm is the basis of the mechanism of formation of secondary relief-phase holographic structure on the surface of PMMA. The optimization of processing modes and selection of developing compositions which are based on isopropanol and methylisobutylketone (MIBK) have been carried out, which made it possible to create reliefphase holographic gratings with high diffraction efficiency (DE) of about 25% and the maximum depth of the surface relief of the order of 1 μm on the substrates of PMMA.

Imaging properties of a 2D crossed holographic grating on silver halide photoemulsions

A technique is proposed for photochemical processing of photoemulsions, which makes it possible to form lens-shaped focusing elements at the nodes of crossed 2D holographic gratings (2DHGs). The results of experiments on 2DHG recording performed on PFG-01 material using this technique show considerable improvement of imaging properties of 2DHG.

Phase recording for formation of holographic optical elements on silver-halide photographic emulsions

Holographic fabrication methods of regular and nonregular relief-phase structures on silver-halide photographic emulsions are considered. Methods of gelatin photodestruction under short-wave ultra-violet radiation and chemical hardening with the help of dichromated solutions were used as a technique for surface relief formation. The developed techniques permitted us to study specimens of holographic diffusers and microlens rasters with small absorption and high light efficiency.

Recording of deep three-dimensional holograms in gel-like layers of dichromated gelatin

Results of experiments on synthesis of a thick-layered light-sensitive material on the base of gel-like dichromated gelatin are presented. In these experiments, the coated layer of liquid dichromated was not subjected to drying but it was sealed between two glasses in order to be protected from drying. The recording was performed on moisture-saturated layers after the liquid was transformed into gel. The thickness of the layer varied from 1 to 3 mm. The maximum efficiency of transmission holograms recorded in the layer reached 17%. The sensitivity to the blue light ((lambda) equals 0.44 micrometers ) was about 10 J/cm2.

Microlens rasters and holographic diffusers based on PFG-01 silver halide photographic material

This paper discusses holographic methods for obtaining diffusers and microlens rasters on silver halide photographic emulsions. The gelatin-photolysis method in which short-wavelength UV radiation acts on the photosensitive layer and methods of chemical and photohardening of photographic emulsions processed with dichromate solutions are used as technologies for creating relief-phase structures.

Two-dimensional holographic gratings based on silver halide photographic emulsions for the formation of raster images

This paper discusses a two-dimensional crossed holographic grating as an optical element capable of creating raster images, the recording of which in a photosensitive medium with relief-phase response makes it possible to obtain other optical elements--for example, microlens rasters. The extent to which the photochemical processing of the photographic material affects the optical properties of two-dimensional holographic gratings is investigated.