I. D. Rapoport

Measurement of energy of medium-mass and heavy cosmic-ray nuclei by a specific energy deposition at the maximum of hadron showers in dense matter

The possibility of measuring the energy of cosmic-ray nuclei (for energies higher than 1 TeV) by means of recording the greatest specific energy deposition in hadron showers generated in dense matter is investigated. This method makes it possible to improve the accuracy of energy measurements by thin calorimeters in studying high-energy cosmic rays at high altitudes. Attainable accuracies in measuring energy are considered for the cases of light and heavy nuclei. The results of a relevant simulation are compared with data from the Kosmos-1713 satellite-borne experiment.

Determination of energies of cosmic-ray nuclei in the region above 1 TeV

A method is proposed for measuring energies of particles in the region above 1 TeV. The method is based on detecting the greatest specific energy deposition in hadronic cascades propagating in dense matter. This makes it possible to improve accuracy in measuring energy by thin calorimeters in studying the energy spectra of high-energy cosmic rays at high altitudes. Attainable accuracies in measuring energy are considered for protons and He nuclei. The results of a relevant simulation are compared with the results of a satellite-borne experiment with Kosmos-1713.

Three-dimensional ionization calorimeter on the basis of scintillation fibers

A design of an ionization calorimeter in which scintillation fibers oriented in three mutually orthogonal directions are used as a detecting system is proposed. Such a device can be employed in satellite-borne experiments aimed at studying high-energy cosmic rays. This scheme makes it possible to reconstruct the primary-particle energy for any track direction, this ensuring a large geometric factor. A high spatial resolution enables one to separate the electromagnetic and hadron components by the shape of the cascade.

Backscattered flux generated by protons with energy above 1 TeV in a lead absorber

Detailed simulations of cascade processes are used to analyze the properties of the backscattered particle flux from a lead absorber (in comparison with an iron absorber). The energy dependence of the albedo flux and the spatial and angular distributions of its various components are considered.

Properties of backscattered particles produced by protons of energy above 1 TeV in an iron absorber

Backscattered-particle production is studied by means of a detailed simulation of cascade processes in a dense medium. The energy dependence of the albedo and the spatial and angular distributions of various components of this flux are analyzed.

Comparison of features of high-energy proton and alpha-particle interactions with C, Fe, and Pb nuclei in various models

The results that the FLUKA, GHEISHA, and QGSM codes produce for the features of hadron interactions are compared with one another and with experimental data. Distinctions between hadronic cascades computed in lead and iron on the basis of the different codes are analyzed. The possibility of using model concepts underlying the codes in question at energies above 1 TeV is considered.