I. Navas

Prevalencia y etiología de los traumatismos dentales. Una revisión

En el mundo occidental los traumatismos dentales estan adquiriendo una relevancia importante dentro de la profesion dental. El objetivo del presente articulo ha sido realizar una revision bibliografica sobre los estudios de prevalencia y etiologia de los traumatismos dentales, desde 1995 hasta la actualidad. Metodo: analizar los estudios publicados en la bibliografia medica, utilizando el buscador Medline. Resultados y conclusiones: se constata que la prevalencia es elevada, y entre las causas que los provocan, las actividades deportivas, el estado emocional y la violencia ocupan un papel prepoderante. Palabras clave: Traumatismo dental, Prevalencia, Etiologia.

Detection of strychnine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the carcase of a Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus).

basic compounds. The sample was homogenised, acidified with a solution of 35 per cent hydrochloric acid and centrifuged. The supernatant was collected for extraction using diethyl ether as the solvent, and both ethereal and aqueous phases were obtained. The aqueous phase was then alkalinised using sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform in order to obtain the final basic extract for analysis. The ethereal phase was used to obtain the neutral and acid extracts: first it was alkalinised using sodium bicarbonate and immediately extracted with diethyl ether to obtain neutral extract. The remaining aqueous phase was acidified with hydrochloric acid and extracted with diethyl ether in order to obtain the final acid extract. Organic solvents of the final basic (chloroform), neutral and acid (diethyl ether) extracts were then evaporated at 40°C to a 0·5 ml final volume using a gentle stream of nitrogen. The extracts were analysed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system, which consisted of an Agilent 5973 N mass spectrometer and Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph. The capillary column used was a HP-5MS. The carrier gas was helium and its flow rate was 1 ml/minute. The oven temperature was increased from 60°C (held for one minute) to 310°C (held for two minutes) at 10°C/minute. Ionisation was performed with the electron impact at 70 eV. Three chromatograms were run, for the acid, neutral and basic extracts. Mass spectra corresponding to all chromatographic peaks were compared with those included in the NBS75K.L spectrum library. Analytical results of the extracts from animals used as controls were all negative. Two strychnine isomers were detected in the neutral extract from the Bonelli’s eagle carcase; they had retention times of 14·63 and 14·75 minutes, respectively (Fig 1). Comparison of the mass spectrum with the NBS75K.L library revealed 99 per cent similarity with strychnine (Fig 2). A third peak, at 15·69 minutes, also showed 50 per cent similarity with strychnine. Marques and others (2000) also detected two isomers of strychnine using GC-MS; however, the extraction and purification procedures used by these authors were specific for strychnine and, therefore, more laborious and expensive. In the period 1994 to 1996, strychnine was the most frequent toxin used in poisoned baits in south-east Spain (Maria-Mojica and others 1998); in the last review produced by the authors’ laboratory, strychnine and aldicarb occupied the first positions in the ranking of poisoned baits (MotasFIG 1: Chromatographic peaks of strychnine in extracts of tissue samples taken from the decomposed carcase of a Bonelli’s eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) A bu nd an ce ( m V ) 250,000

From sport hunting to breeding success: Patterns of lead ammunition ingestion and its effects on an endangered raptor

Lead is highly toxic for wildlife, with pernicious consequences especially in long-lived predators. The causes of lead ammunition ingestion in Bonellis eagle (Aquila fasciata) and its effects on breeding success were studied in one of the most important populations of this endangered species in Europe. Regurgitated pellets belonging to different pairs from 2004 to 2014 were analyzed, both in the breeding (1363 pellets from 12 territories) and non-breeding (172 pellets from 9 territories) seasons. From these territories, 57 molted feathers to study lead contamination were analyzed, and breeding success was monitored for 41 breeding attempts. The occurrence of lead shots in pellets was detected using X-ray photographs. Pellets were also used to describe eagle diet. Lead shots in pellets were present in 83.3% of the territories. The frequency of occurrence of lead shots in pellets (2.81% in spring and 1.31% in autumn) was primarily related to the consumption of red-legged partridge in the breeding season (when partridges are hunted from blinds using calling lures), and secondarily to rabbit consumption in the non-breeding season (coinciding with the main hunting season). Thus, our results indicate that injured small-game were the main source of lead contamination in the Bonellis eagle. For the first time for a raptor species, a positive relationship between the frequency of occurrence of lead shots in pellets and lead concentration in eagles feathers has been documented. Lead concentration in feathers (mean±SD: 816±426μgkg-1, with no sex-related differences) was high for a species that rarely eats carrion or aquatic birds (the main prey-related lead source for raptors). This had negative effects on breeding success, which could jeopardize Bonellis eagles in other European populations that are sustained by juvenile dispersal from the study population. Our work shows that some game modalities pose a potential threat to endangered raptors.