I Nengah Surati Jaya

Ecological and socio-economic functions across tropical land use systems after rainforest conversion

Tropical lowland rainforests are increasingly threatened by the expansion of agriculture and the extraction of natural resources. In Jambi Province, Indonesia, the interdisciplinary EFForTS project focuses on the ecological and socio-economic dimensions of rainforest conversion to jungle rubber agroforests and monoculture plantations of rubber and oil palm. Our data confirm that rainforest transformation and land use intensification lead to substantial losses in biodiversity and related ecosystem functions, such as decreased above- and below-ground carbon stocks. Owing to rapid step-wise transformation from forests to agroforests to monoculture plantations and renewal of each plantation type every few decades, the converted land use systems are continuously dynamic, thus hampering the adaptation of animal and plant communities. On the other hand, agricultural rainforest transformation systems provide increased income and access to education, especially for migrant smallholders. Jungle rubber and rubber monocultures are associated with higher financial land productivity but lower financial labour productivity compared to oil palm, which influences crop choice: smallholders that are labour-scarce would prefer oil palm while land-scarce smallholders would prefer rubber. Collecting long-term data in an interdisciplinary context enables us to provide decision-makers and stakeholders with scientific insights to facilitate the reconciliation between economic interests and ecological sustainability in tropical agricultural landscapes.

Land-use choices follow profitability at the expense of ecological functions in Indonesian smallholder landscapes

Smallholder-dominated agricultural mosaic landscapes are highlighted as model production systems that deliver both economic and ecological goods in tropical agricultural landscapes, but trade-offs underlying current land-use dynamics are poorly known. Here, using the most comprehensive quantification of land-use change and associated bundles of ecosystem functions, services and economic benefits to date, we show that Indonesian smallholders predominantly choose farm portfolios with high economic productivity but low ecological value. The more profitable oil palm and rubber monocultures replace forests and agroforests critical for maintaining above- and below-ground ecological functions and the diversity of most taxa. Between the monocultures, the higher economic performance of oil palm over rubber comes with the reliance on fertilizer inputs and with increased nutrient leaching losses. Strategies to achieve an ecological-economic balance and a sustainable management of tropical smallholder landscapes must be prioritized to avoid further environmental degradation.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land and Forest Fires in Indonesia Using MODIS Active Fire Dataset

Land and forest fires occur in Indonesia every year causing ecological damage and economic losses. Most of the fires are human initiated as locals use fire as a land clearing tool, converting forests to agriculture and plantations. In this study, we use descriptive statistics to analyze fires from 2006 to 2015 using MODIS satellite data. Specifically, spatio-temporal patterns of fires have been analyzed in all provinces, forest types, peatlands, and moratorium areas. The results suggested fires in almost all regions of Indonesia, in particular, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua. The highest fire intensity was found in the production forests (73%). The year of 2015 was the worst fire season in Indonesia since 1997. During 2015, 67% of fires were detected in forest areas and 33% in non-forest areas. We also found 36% of active fires occurring in peatlands. Within the fire moratorium area, active fires continue to increase significantly suggesting moratorium areas had not been effective for fire mitigation.

PENDUGAAN PERUBAHAN STOK KARBON DI TAMAN NASIONAL BROMO TENGGER SEMERU

Forest land clearing withoutt appropriate method for oil palm plantations can reduce the diversity of wildlife in that area. To decrease these impacts, data of wildlife diversity and the distribution needs to be known, so that it can be determined which area can be opened or must be maintained. The research was to determine the diversity and conservation status in PT. Riau Sawitindo Abadi (PT. RSA). The Research was conducted in April 2015. Data was collected by interview, literatur studies and field observation (direct and indirect observation). The results showed that the RSA is a habitat for 78 wildlife species which consists of 52 species of birds (13 species protected), 16 species of mammals (13 species protected) and 10 species of reptiles (5 species protected). Forest area of PT. RSA has an important role as the habitat as well as a corridor for these animals. Keywords: biodiversity, conservation status, habitat, land clearing, wildlifeRecently a comprehensive source of data and information on carbon storage in various types of forest ecosystems and other land use in Java Island are still limited. This study was carried out in a conservation area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) that represents the ecosystem types of lowland rain forest, sub-montane forests and mountain forests in Java. The information on carbon sequestration and carbon stocks at TNBTS becomes important. The main objective of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon storage in various types of forests in TNBTS using allometric approaches. The additional objectives were to estimate carbon storage on various land cover and to estimate the changes in carbon storage by land cover changes during the period 1990, 2000 and 2013. The measurement of forest carbon include aboveground, understorey, necromass and litter pools covering all ecosystem such as primary forest, secondary forest with high- and low- canopy density. This study found that the average of carbon stocks in primary forest were 193,49 ± 125,98 tonC/ha, and were 267,42 ± 119,25 tonC/ha in secondary forest. The total carbon stocks in the period 1990–2000 has decreased about 22.6 tonC/ha/year and in the period 2000–2013 has increased about 41.2 tonC/ha/year. The enhancement of carbon stocks in this area was driven by an intensive forest protection, good monitoring and land rehabilitation. Keywords: biomass, carbon storage, carbon stock, land cover , national park

MODEL SPASIAL DEFORESTASI DI KABUPATEN KONAWE UTARA DAN KONAWE PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA

Forest land clearing withoutt appropriate method for oil palm plantations can reduce the diversity of wildlife in that area. To decrease these impacts, data of wildlife diversity and the distribution needs to be known, so that it can be determined which area can be opened or must be maintained. The research was to determine the diversity and conservation status in PT. Riau Sawitindo Abadi (PT. RSA). The Research was conducted in April 2015. Data was collected by interview, literatur studies and field observation (direct and indirect observation). The results showed that the RSA is a habitat for 78 wildlife species which consists of 52 species of birds (13 species protected), 16 species of mammals (13 species protected) and 10 species of reptiles (5 species protected). Forest area of PT. RSA has an important role as the habitat as well as a corridor for these animals. Keywords: biodiversity, conservation status, habitat, land clearing, wildlifeRecently a comprehensive source of data and information on carbon storage in various types of forest ecosystems and other land use in Java Island are still limited. This study was carried out in a conservation area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) that represents the ecosystem types of lowland rain forest, sub-montane forests and mountain forests in Java. The information on carbon sequestration and carbon stocks at TNBTS becomes important. The main objective of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon storage in various types of forests in TNBTS using allometric approaches. The additional objectives were to estimate carbon storage on various land cover and to estimate the changes in carbon storage by land cover changes during the period 1990, 2000 and 2013. The measurement of forest carbon include aboveground, understorey, necromass and litter pools covering all ecosystem such as primary forest, secondary forest with high- and low- canopy density. This study found that the average of carbon stocks in primary forest were 193,49 ± 125,98 tonC/ha, and were 267,42 ± 119,25 tonC/ha in secondary forest. The total carbon stocks in the period 1990–2000 has decreased about 22.6 tonC/ha/year and in the period 2000–2013 has increased about 41.2 tonC/ha/year. The enhancement of carbon stocks in this area was driven by an intensive forest protection, good monitoring and land rehabilitation. Keywords: biomass, carbon storage, carbon stock, land cover , national park

DETEKSI KONDISI KETAHANAN PANGAN BERAS MENGGUNAKAN PEMODELAN SPASIAL KERENTANAN PANGAN

In 2005 and 2009, BKP and WFP has provided food security conditions in Indonesia on Food Insecurity Map which were developed using food availability, food accessibility, food absorption and food vulnerability. There are 100 out of 265 districts in Indonesia or about 37,7%, which fall into the vulnerable to very vulnerable categories, where 11 districts were found in Java. The main objective of this research is to develope a spatial model of the rice production vulnerability (KPB) based on Remote Sensing and GIS technologies for estimating the food insecurity condition. Several criteria used to obtain food vulnerability information are percentage level of green vegetation (PV), rainfall anomaly (ACH), land degradation due to erosion (Deg), and paddy harvest failure due to drought and flood in paddy field (BK). Dynamic spatial information on the greenness level of land cover can be obtained from multitemporal EVI (Enhanced vegetation Index) of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. Spatial information of paddy harvest failure caused by drought and flood was estimated by using vegetation index, land surface temperature, rainfall and moisture parameters with advance image processing of multitemporal EVI MODIS data. The GIS technology were used to perform spatial modelling based on weighted overlay index (multicriteria analysis). The method for computing weight of factors in the vulnerability model was AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). The spatial model of production vulnerability (KPB) developed in this study is as follows: KPB = 0,102 PV + 0,179 Deg + 0,276 ACH + 0,443 BK. In this study, level of production vulnerability can be categorized into six classes, i.e.: (1) invulnerable; (2) very low vulnerability; (3) low vulnerability; (4) moderately vulnerable; (5) highly vulnerable; and (6) extremely vulnerable. The result of spatial modelling then was used to evaluate progress production vulnerability condition at several sub-districts in Indramayu Regency. According to the investigation results of WFP in 2005, this area fall into moderately vulnerable category. Only few sub-districts that fall into highly and extremely vulnerable during the period of May ~ August 2008, namely: Kandanghaur, Losarang, part of Lohbener, and Arahan.

SPATIAL MODEL OF SUMATRAN TIGER (Panthera tigris sumatrae) POTENTIAL HABITAT SUITABILITY IN BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN

This study describes on development of habitat suitability for Sumatran tiger in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP). In this study remotely-sensed data set were linked with tiger and it prey survey using camera trap to identify the environmental and human factors that influences the tigers potential habitat, and to develop a spatial model as well as in BBSNP. All at once, the study showed that the potential model for estimating the tigers potential habitat suitability could be developed using environmental and human factors. The most significant factors that influence the tiger habitat suitability in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park are human factors such as distance to road and distance to forest edge and the environmental factor i.e. the number of tiger prey. The verification of the model shows that the model is capable to estimate the probability of the tiger presence having accuracy of approximately 78%. The model shows that there is no significant difference between the predicted data and actual data and having mean deviation less than 10%.