Cecep Kusmana

Rapid litter production and accumulation in Bornean mangrove forests

Litter fall and accumulation were measured weekly for one year (January–December 2007) at five mangrove forests within the Apar-Adang Nature Reserve, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Three forests were located near the sea edge, each co-dominated by combinations of Sonnertia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, and Bruguiera parviflora; two forests were co-dominated by Ceriops decandra, Exocoecaria agallocha, and Bruguiera sexangula (site IV), and by B. parviflora and B. sexangula (site V) and located further inland but subjected to intermittant freshwater inputs. Mean rates of annual litter production at forests I to V were 20.3, 19.7, 27.2, 24.2 and 27.6 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1 (mean of all forests = 23.7 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1) and rates of litter accumulation were 44.4, 50.2, 45.9, 61.3 and 66.2 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1 (mean of all forests = 57.8 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1), respectively, exhibiting peaks in the wet and dry seasons. Litter accumulation was greater than litter fall due to tidal advection of litter from forests closer to the sea edge coupled with slow decay rates. These rates of aboveground litter production and accumulation are the highest recorded for mangroves and higher than rates measured in tropical humid evergreen forests, suggesting that large expanses of equatorial mangrove forest, such as those on Borneo, may constitute an immense sink for coastal carbon.

Distribution and Current Status of Mangrove Forests in Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelagic country of more than 17,504 islands with the length of coastline estimated at 95,181 km, which bears mangroves from several meters to several kilometers. They grow extensively along the inner facing coastlines of most of the large islands and estuarine. They consist of various community types, either mixed or pure stands, mainly distributed in the five big islands (Jawa, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua). In 2009, the Agency of Survey Coordination and National Mapping (Republic of Indonesia) of Indonesia reported the existing mangrove forest area in Indonesia of about 3,244,018 ha; however, at 2007 the Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Ministry of Forestry (Ditjen RLPS MoF) of Indonesia reported about 7,758,411 ha of mangrove area (including an existing vegetated mangrove area). It was further reported that of those mangroves 30.7 % were in good condition, 27.4 % moderately destroyed and 41.9 % heavily destroyed. There are at least five ministries responsible for mangrove resource allocation and management in Indonesia, in which the Ministry of Forestry has the major authority. Nowadays, two Bureaus of Mangrove Forest Management, the National Mangrove Working Group and the Local (Provincial and Regency/City) Mangrove Working Group, as well as the Presidential Decree (PerPres) No. 73/2012 regarding National Strategy of Mangrove Management have been setup to strengthen the sustainable mangrove forest management. Currently the Indonesian Government leases a 85,000-ha mangrove forest in Bintuni, Papua and 28,280 ha in Batu Ampar, West Kalimantan to three forest concessioner companies to be harvested using seed tree method silvicultural systems. To enhance the conservation focus as stated on the Presidential Decree (Kepres) No. 32/1990, the width of the mangrove green belt in any coastal area should be set up about 130 × annual average of the difference between the highest and lowest tides. In Indonesia some mangrove forests have been destroyed by various causes, mainly conversion to other uses. In order to recover the destroyed mangroves, the Indonesian Government (c.q. Ministry of Forestry and Ministry of Marine and Fishery) collaborated with stakeholders (domestic and international) and executed rehabilitation as well as restoration of those destroyed mangroves, either in or outside state forest area.

Forest resources and forestry in Indonesia

Forests serve as a dwelling place and source of livelihood for the people of Indonesia. This paper analyzed the forest resources and forestry in Indonesia. The forest area in Indonesia amounts to 137,090,468.18 ha consisting of 133,694,685.18 ha as terrestrial forest area and 3,395,783 ha as water area. Hard work by the Ministry of Forestry has succeeded in suppressing the average rate of forest degradation. For the purpose of enlarging the log production from natural production forest through the silvicultural system of TPTI (Indonesian Planting and Selection Cutting), an Intensive Silvicultural System has been introduced at 25 forest concessions with the total area of about 52,300 ha. On the other hand, owing to its geographical position in the Equator region between the Asian and Australian continents, Indonesian tropical forest possesses high biodiversity. Finally, to guarantee the local communitys active participation in the sustainable forest management practice, the government has empowered the local communities that live within and surrounding the forest area through various programs, such as establishing community forest, village forest, conservation forest, production center of non-wood forest products, community-based forest management and an improvement program with forest concession companies. The government also introduced the General Service Agency for financial support for communities that want to establish a forest plantation.

Growth and Nutrient Status of Kayu Kuku [Pericopsis mooniana (Thw.) Thw] with Mycorrhiza in Soil Media of Nickel Post Mining Site

BACKGROUND Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi are categorized as phytoremediant and increase the tolerance of plants under condition of heavy metal pollution. Effectiveness of AMF is determined very much by species of AMF, plant species and environmental condition. Therefore, testing the effect of local AMF on growth and absorption of nutrients and metal by Pericopsis mooniana planting stocks in growing media which are heavily polluted by heavy metal, need to be conducted. METHODOLOGY There were testing of 6 inoculums of local AMF which were isolated from rhizosphere of P. mooniana, namely AMF from district of Kolaka (Lamedai Nature Reserve, Tanggetada Natural Forest, Bali Jaya Village Plantation Forest and PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk) and from Kendari town (Campus environment of Halu Oleo University and Office of Southeast Sulawesi Governor). Besides the 6 local AMF, there were treatment without AMF (control) and treatment with mycofer as comparison. RESULTS Results showed that local AMF were effective in increasing growth and biomass of plants; absorption of C, N, P and K in three parts of the plants; Ca in stems and leaves and of Mg in leaf tissues; increasing formation of plants root nodules and were able to reduce Ni content in tissues of kayu kuku planting stocks. Effects of local AMF from Lamedai nature reserve and AMF from PT. Vale Indonesia were greater as compared with those of mycofer IPB. Content of Ni in kayu kuku plant tissue was found more in roots as shown by the value of TF<1. CONCLUSION Based on this study, kayu kuku is categorized as excluder species (TF<1) and moderate species toward Ni (>50 mg Ni/kg of plant dry weight) and possessed very high dependence on AMF (MIE >75%). Local AMF are potential to be developed as biological fertilizer to improve planting stocks for rehabilitation of degraded land.

Growth performance of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza derived from cutpropagule seedling

Kusmana C, Hidayat T, Istomo, Rusdiana O. 2018. Growth performance of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza derived from cut-propagule seedling. Biodiversitas 19: 208-214. The availability and existence of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seed sources is getting decreased. This causes the generative reproduction of this plant is limited. The present research was carried out to study the growth performance of B. gymnorrhiza derived from vegetative cut-propagule seedling by employing different type of cut-propagule, the provision of root promoting hormones, and the provision of NPK fertilizer. The research was conducted at the Greenhouse for 6 months using a completely randomized design (CRD) 3x3x2 factorial with five replications. The results showed that B. gymnorrhiza could be propagated by cut-propagule. Seedlings growth which derived from complete propagule apparently had a better performance than those derived from cut-propagule. Roots derived from complete propagule and the bottom part of cut-propagule grow faster than the top part of cut-propagule. Two types of shoot such as shoot existing before planting which was derived from complete propagule and top part of cut-propagule; and shoots existing after planting called as adventitious shoot derived from the bottom part of cut-propagule has been formed. Unfortunately, new complete shoots derived from the bottom part of cut-propagule was not formed. Furthermore, there was no significant effect of root promoting hormone and NPK fertilizer induction on the shoot and root growth of B. gymnorrhiza.

Geospatial approach in determining anthropogenic factors contributed to deforestation of mangrove: A case study in Konawe Selatan, Southeast Sulawesi

Human activities play an important role in ecosystem damage occurrence, particularly located in rapid developing city. Coastal area is one that has high resource potential, but also susceptible to disturbance since most of the population live in these areas. The development of coastal areas is also influenced by rapid development activities on land and sea. Mangrove is one of the dominant coastal ecosystems, highly productive, complex and high-value benefits. Therefore it is important to learn how anthropogenic factors affect the level of disruption to mangrove ecosystem. In this paper, several factors which considered as dominant have been evaluated through a case study in Konawe Selatan, Southeast Sulawesi. Geospatial model was used to mapping zone with disturbance level based on the anthropogenic factors. The result showed areas with highest disturbance level identified in some areas of District Tinangge; Palangga Selatan; Laeya; Lainea; middle of Kolono Bay; along coast area of Moramo and Moramo Utara. It can be concluded that mangrove ecosystem disruption level due model to anthropogenic factors may determine closely to the factual situation involving socio-economic data. This study provide a guide for future studies on mangrove susceptibility mapping and references in determining the strategy of sustainability mangrove management.

Climate Change Adaptation Strategies of Indonesian Forestry Sector

In recent years, climate change has become one of the most popular issues in the world. There are many evidences that show the fact of existence of climate change. Indonesian forest sector has faced a great risk of climate change. Many literatures referred the main risk of Indonesian forest sector. They are increased mean sea level, increased temperature, biodiversity threat, and increased hazardous conditions such as landslide and forest fire. Therefore, climate change adaptation’s strategies have to be done as soon as possible. In this chapter, there are many recommendations strategies of climate change adaptations with possible adaptation strategies in short, medium, and long term. Those strategies are supported by Indonesian regulations and laws. Nevertheless, in order to ensure the implementation synergy of all acts and regulations, there are some gaps that must be overcome to attain the successful implementation of mainstreaming climate change adaptation of forestry sector. Thus, for improving the resilience and adaptability of forest ecosystems to climate change in forestry sector, the Ministry of Forestry has established six priority policies (2011–2015), namely forest area establishment, forest rehabilitation and increasing watershed carrying capacity, forest protection and forest fire control, biodiversity conservation, revitalization of forest and forestry industry, and community empowerment.

Landuse Conflicts Analysis at Mount Halimun Salak National Park

The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial conflict between Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) area and the regency area around the national park.The spatial approach was used to analyse potential of spatial conflict in that region.The management TNGHS still face constraints related to the extent of forest area that could potentially conflict with the spatial three counties around TNGHS, namely Lebak, Bogor, and Sukabumi Districts. The absence of an agreement between the Ministry of Forestry and the local governments to synchronize the National Park boundary into the District Spatial Planning is still a big problem facing by the Management of the TNGHS.Therefore, conservation-based community development model must be designed properly.

Ukuran Diameter dan Takaran Vermikompos Menentukan Produksi Inokulan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula dan Biomassa Legum Penutup Tanah

Vermikompos merupakan pupuk organik yang diproduksi dengan bantuan sistem pencernaan dan mikrob dalam usus cacing tanah. Vermikompos diketahui berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan perkembangan simbiosis mikoriza. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari ukuran diameter dan bobot vermikompos yang optimal untuk menghasilkan biomasa tanaman kudzu (P. phaseoloides Roxb) dan inokulum fungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) G. etunicatum NPI-126. Percobaan rumah kaca dilaksanakan dengan rancangan acak kelompok dengan kombinasi ukuran diameter dan bobot vermikompos sebagai perlakuan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa vermikompos berpotensi positif sebagai pengganti pupuk buatan untuk meningkatkan produksi biomassa tanaman kudzu dan inokulum FMA G. etunicatum NPI-126. Vermikompos dengan ukuran diameter < 250 µm bobot 150–172 mg menghasilkan bobot kering akar dan kolonisasi FMA di akar tanaman kudzu serta jumlah spora G. etunicatum tertinggi dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Kolonisasi FMA di akar tanaman berkorelasi positif dengan jumlah spora G. etunicatum.

Soil Factor Influencing Mangrove Forest Community Occurence in Talidendang Besar, Riau

The species richness and abundance of vascular epiphytes in the lowland dipterocarp forest, East Kalimantan is described. Fifty six species of vascular epiphytes have been recorded within a 6 ha plot, comprising 39 genera and 12 families. It was recorded that 387 trees (9.84%) of the total trees of 3933, have supported epiphytes. The epiphytic plant communities within two different habitat showed that the swamp area is poorer than the dry land habitat, both in species richness and abundance. Asplenium nidu and Pandanus epiplyhcus were recorded as the common species in both habitats;while Platyceriunl coronarium tends to occur at crown layer especially in the dry-land habitat.