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International Journal of Legal Medicine | 1999

Pontine axonal injury after brain trauma and nontraumatic hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

M. Oehmichen; C. Meissner; V. Schmidt; I. Pedal; H. G. Konig

Abstract Experimental studies have shown that diffuse axonal injury is usually induced by positive or negative acceleration mechanisms. In order to determine the reliability of axonal injury (AI) as a marker of this type of traumatic insult, we compared cases of trauma-induced focal cortical hemorrhage without dural involvement (n = 67) with cases of trauma-induced subdural bleeding without cortical hemorrhage (n = 26). Both groups exhibited a wide range of post-traumatic survival times. The injuries in the first group were caused mainly by direct impact to the head, those in the second by acceleration/deceleration mechanisms. The investigations were based primarily on immunohistochemical demonstration of antibodies targeted to β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) in the pons as a marker of AI and the results were assessed semiquantitatively. No significant differences were found between the two groups. In both groups AI was detected in 80–100% of cases with survival times of more than 3 h and two thirds of all positive cases showed pronounced positivity. Additional comparison of cases of brain death due to mechanical trauma (n = 14) with cases of brain death due to non-mechanical trauma (n = 18) also disclosed no significant intergroup differences. Finally, investigations of the pons in cases of non-traumatic death due to cerebral hypoxia/ischemia (n = 51) demonstrated AI with the same frequency as in the other groups, although the expression tended to be less pronounced. Our results confirm that β-APP expression in the pons is a reliable indicator of AI but does not discriminate between injuries caused by traumatic strain or shearing mechanisms and secondary damage due to cerebral hypoxia/ ischemia or edema. In the large majority of cases with prolonged post-traumatic survival, it can therefore be assumed that AI in the pons is the consequence of primary and/or secondary events or a combination of both, as is common in non-missile head injury survived for more than 90–120 min. Therefore, positive differentiation of the type of biomechanical event based on this criterion alone is not possible.


International Journal of Legal Medicine | 1987

Luftembolie oder Fäulnis? Gasanalytische Befunde und ihre Interpretation

I. Pedal; Moosmayer A; Hans Joachim Mallach; M. Oehmichen

Gas was detected in the hearts of 111 necropsy cases. The gas was quantified and then analyzed by gas chromatography. In 70 cases H2, a clear marker of putrefaction, could be identified in the samples. After critical consideration, air embolism was accepted in 36 of the remaining cases. In nearly all instances, severe skull trauma or stab wounds to the neck or clavicular region gave rise to the air embolism. When the gas analysis data were compared, clear-cut differences were found between the two groups of putrefaction and air embolism. CO2 concentrations below 15%, N2 concentrations above 70%, and a CO2/N2 ratio below 0.2 proved to be good criteria to determine an air embolism. However, gas volumes, O2 concentrations, and CO2/O2 ratios largely overlapped in the two groups. Air embolism samples consistently had lower O2 concentrations and higher CO2 concentrations than atmospheric air, and this was evidently independent from incipient putrefaction. We suggest that these deviations result from a gas exchange between the venous blood and the embolized air volume taking place in the right heart ventricle. The dimensions of the concentration shifts may be understood from severe agonal hypoxia and hypercapnia.SummaryGas was detected in the hearts of 111 necropsy cases. The gas was quantified and then analyzed by gas chromatography. In 70 cases H2, a clear marker of putrefaction, could be identified in the samples. After critical consideration, air embolism was accepted in 36 of the remaining cases. In nearly all instances, severe skull trauma or stab wounds to the neck or clavicular region gave rise to the air embolism. When the gas analysis data were compared, clear-cut differences were found between the two groups of putrefaction and air embolism. CO2 concentrations below 15%, N2 concentrations above 70%, and a CO2/N2 ratio below 0.2 proved to be good criteria to determine an air embolism. However, gas volumes, O2 concentrations, and CO2/O2 ratios largely overlapped in the two groups. Air embolism samples consistently had lower O2 concentrations and higher CO2 concentrations than atmospheric air, and this was evidently independent from incipient putrefaction. We suggest that these deviations result from a gas exchange between the venous blood and the embolized air volume taking place in the right heart ventricle. The dimensions of the concentration shifts may be understood from severe agonal hypoxia and hyperkapnia.ZusammenfassungBei 111 Sektionen wurde Gas aus dem Herzen entnommen. Die Volumina wurden gemessen, anschließend wurden die Proben gaschromatographisch analysiert. In 70 Fällen enthielt das Gasgemisch H2, so daß eindeutig Fäulnis vorlag. In 36 der verbleibenden Fälle war nach kritischer Prüfung von einer Luftembolie auszugehen. Lufteintrittspforten waren in dieser Gruppe mit wenigen Ausnahmen schwere Schädeltraumata oder eröffnete Venen des Vorderhalses und der oberen Thoraxapertur. Als gute gasanalytische Kriterien einer Luftembolie erwiesen sich CO2-Konzentrationen unter 15%, N2-Konzentrationen über 70% und ein Quotient CO2/N2 unter 0,2. Dagegen ergaben die gemessenen Volumina, die O2-Konzentrationen und die Quotienten CO2/O2 keine scharfe Diskriminierung zwischen Luftembolie und Fäulnis. Das bei Luftembolie gewonnene Gas weist im Vergleich zu atmosphärischer Luft, offenbar unabhängig von Fäulnisveränderungen, erniedrigte O2- und erhöhte CO2-Konzentrationen auf. Wir sehen hierin die Folge eines Gasaustausches zwischen dem venösen Blut des rechten Herzens und der eingedrungenen Luft; das Ausmaß der O2- und CO2-Konzentrationsänderungen ist durch agonale Hypoxie und Hyperkapnie erklärbar.


International Journal of Legal Medicine | 1985

Immunenzymatische Darstellung der Isoantigene A, B und H in fäulnisverändertem Nierengewebe

I. Pedal; Ch. Baedeker

SummaryIn contrast to blood serology, which usually fails in specimens more than a few days old, immunohistochemistry (PAP technique) provided reliable information on the blood group (AB0) and, in most cases, also the secretor character of 23 kidney specimens stored for months at room temperature. Better results were obtained with monoclonal antibodies than with human sera. In the late stages of decomposition, blood group diagnosis is based on the more decomposition-resistant antigens of the collecting tubular epithelium (in secretors) and the endothelia of the arteriolae medullares rectae and not on the identification of erythrocytic antigens. In addition, a decomposition-resistant epithelial antigen in the distal convoluted tubules (Tc II) is unmasked by autolysis or heterolysis. “Blood group” antigens were frequently detected in bacteria and fungi. These antigens, however, were clearly distinguishable from blood group characters of the tissue. A transient, weak, false-positive reaction with monoclonal anti-B appeared in decomposed Tc II epithelia.ZusammenfassungIm Gegensatz zur Blutserologie, die meist nach wenigen Tagen versagte, erlaubte die Immunhistochemie (PAP-Technik) an 23 bei Zimmertemperatur gelagerten Nierenpräparaten monatelang eine fehlerfreie Aussage über die Blutgruppe (AB0), meist auch über den Sekretorstatus. Monoklonale Antikörper lieferten bessere Ergebnisse als humane Seren. Die Blutgruppendiagnose beruhte in späten Stadien der Zersetzung nicht auf dem Nachweis erythrocytärer Antigene, sondern auf den fäulnisresistenteren Antigenen der Sammelrohrepithelien (bei Sekretoren) und der Endothelien der Arteriolae medullares rectae; zusätzlich wird durch Autooder Heterolyse in den Tubuli contorti II (Tc II) ein fäulnisresistentes epitheliales Antigen demaskiert. Bakterielle und pilzliche „Blutgruppen“-Antigene kamen häufig vor, ließen sich jedoch stets eindeutig den Mikroorganismen zuordnen. In den Epithelien der TC II trat bei Fäulnis vorübergehend eine schwache, falsch-positive Reaktion mit monoklonalem Anti-B auf.


International Journal of Legal Medicine | 1986

ABH- und Lewis-Antigene der Trachealdrüsen

I. Pedal; Ch. Baedeker

SummaryImmunocytochemical studies were performed on tracheal wall samples embedded in paraffin; the samples were taken at 23 autopsies. In all cases, the red cells had been typed in postmortem serological studies as being Le(a−b−). Blood-group antigens were demonstrated by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, using monoclonal Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Lea and Anti-Leb; H was detected by UEA 1. The secretor characteristics could clearly be diagnosed from the ABH staining pattern of the mucous glands. In 11 cases, the lewis antigen labeling patterns were identical to the group of Lewis-positive individuals. It seems probable, from the statistical point of view, that these 11 individuals were, in fact, Lewis-positive and that the negative serology resulted from deterioration of the cadaver blood samples. The immunocytochemistry was quite different in the remaining 12 cases: (a) secretors (n=9) were completely negative for Lea, Leb was equally negative in one case, but in the remainder it was detectable within mucous epithelia in minimal amounts and in an atypical granular distribution; (b) nonsecretors (n=3) reversely exhibited complete negativity for Leb but a minimal staining for Lea. These findings are in harmony with the well established Lewis serology typing of secretions in Lewis negative individuals. Thus, a minimal Lewis antigen biosynthesis and secretion seem to occur in the absence of the Le gene: A α-4-l-fucosyltransferase of low activity might be the product of the allele le.ZusammenfassungIn 23 Sektionsfällen, bei denen am Leichenblut der erythrocytäre Typ Le (a−b−) festgestellt worden war, wurden an paraffineingebetteten Trachealwandproben immunhistochemische Studien durchgeführt. Die Antigendarstellungen erfolgten nach der indirekten Immunperoxidasemethode mit monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen Lea, Leb, A und B als primären Antikörpern; das H-Antigen wurde mit UEA 1 dargestellt. Das Markierungsverhalten der mukösen Drüsen für die ABH-Antigene erlaubte eine eindeutige Differenzierung zwischen Sekretoren und Nonsekretoren. Das Lewis-Markierungsverhalten war in 11 Fällen mit demjenigen Lewis-positiver Individuen identisch. Statistische Betrachtungen legen nahe, daß es sich bei dieser Gruppe tatsächlich um Lewis-positive Individuen handelt, deren erythrocytäre Lewis-Merkmale im gealterten Leichenblut nicht erfaßt wurden. Die übrigen 12 Fälle zeigten ein völlig anderes immunhistochemisches Bild: a) Die Sekretoren (n=9) waren für Lea vollständig negativ; Leb war in einem Falle nicht, in den übrigen Fällen innerhalb muköser Epithelien in minimaler Quantität und atypischer, granulärer Verteilung nachweisbar. b) Nonsekretoren (n=3) wiesen umgekehrt bei völliger Negativität für Leb abortive Markierungen für Lea auf. Diese Beobachtungen, die mit bekannten serologischen Befunden an den Sekreten gut übereinstimmen, sprechen dafür, daß auch in Abwesenheit des Le-Gens in geringer Menge Lewis-Antigene synthetisiert und sezerniert werden können: Möglicherweise kodiert das Allel le eine α-4-l-Fucosyltransferase geringer Effizienz.


International Journal of Legal Medicine | 1986

Immuncytochemische identifizierung AB0-inkompatibler erythrocyten nach einem tödlichen transfusionszwischenfall

I. Pedal; Burkhard Madea; M. Oehmichen

SummaryA patient with blood group 0 died 8 h after an accidental transfusion of one unit of A1 erythrocytes. The admixture of group A red cells was not detected during postmortem serology. Paraffin-embedded autopsy material was studied by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies. Group A red cells were easily identified (a) as circulating agglutinates in the larger vessels, (b) in the capillary vessels of all organs examined, and (c) as closely packed cell aggregations in the sinuses of the spleen. However, there was no clear evidence of erythrophagocytosis in the spleen or in liver.ZusammenfassungEine Patientin der Blutgruppe 0 starb acht Stunden nach der versehentlichen Transfusion einer A1-Erythrocyten-Konserve. Serologisch ließ sich eine Beimengung von A-Erythrocyten im Leichenblut nicht nachweisen. Am paraffineingebetteten Sektionsmaterial wurden Untersuchungen mit der indirekten Immunperoxidasetechnik unter Verwendung monoklonaler Antikörper durchgeführt. Die selektive Darstellung A-positiver Erythrocyten gelang ohne Schwierigkeit. Die inkompatiblen Erythrocyten fanden sich a) als zirkulierende Agglutinate in größeren Blutgefäßen, b) in den Blutkapillaren sämtlicher Organe, c) als dicht gepackte Zellansammlungen in den Sinus der Milz. Eine Erythrophagie von A-Erythrocyten war allerdings weder in der Leber noch in der Milz eindeutig erkennbar.Eine Patientin der Blutgruppe 0 starb acht Stunden nach der versehentlichen Transfusion einer A1-Erythrocyten-Konserve. Serologisch lies sich eine Beimengung von A-Erythrocyten im Leichenblut nicht nachweisen. Am paraffineingebetteten Sektionsmaterial wurden Untersuchungen mit der indirekten Immunperoxidasetechnik unter Verwendung monoklonaler Antikorper durchgefuhrt. Die selektive Darstellung A-positiver Erythrocyten gelang ohne Schwierigkeit. Die inkompatiblen Erythrocyten fanden sich a) als zirkulierende Agglutinate in groseren Blutgefasen, b) in den Blutkapillaren samtlicher Organe, c) als dicht gepackte Zellansammlungen in den Sinus der Milz. Eine Erythrophagie von A-Erythrocyten war allerdings weder in der Leber noch in der Milz eindeutig erkennbar.


Zeitschrift f�r Rechtsmedizin | 1986

Formvarianten kugelförmiger hyaliner Mikrothromben

M. Oehmichen; I. Pedal; V. Schmidt; W. Schlote

SummaryGlobular hyaline microthrombi are characterized by their diameter (2–30 μm), globular form, and positive PAS and PTAH reaction. They are a morphologic indicator of disturbed microcirculation and hemostasis, such as that occurring in shock. In two of our cases, we observed large globular hyaline microthrombi, some with central webbed degradation progressing to the formation of closed or open hollow globules. The electron microscopic findings were similar to those observed by other investigators in typical shock bodies. On the basis of the morphologic findings, the authors conclude that degradation phenomena start at the center of globular hyaline microthrombi and can progress to the surface where accelerated fibrinolysis is possible. The cellular elements that other investigators have described as a possible condensation center for fibrin precipitate proved to be structurally intact cells that are apparently located in niches of open hollow globules or in the center of circular hyaline microthrombi. The diagnostic relevance, vitality, and temporal classification are discussed.ZusammenfassungKugelförmige, hyaline Mikrothromben sind durch ihre Größe zwischen 2 und 30 μm, ihre kugelförmige Gestalt sowie ihre PAS-und PTAH-Positivität gekennzeichnet. Sie gelten als morphologischer Indikator von Störungen der Mikrozirkulation und Hämostase, wie sie besonders im Schockzustand auftreten. In zwei eigenen Fällen konnten ungewöhnlich große kugelförmige, hyaline Mikrothromben beobachtet werden, die zum Teil zentrale wabige Auflockerungen und Auflösungen bis zur Ausbildung offener Hohlkugeln aufwiesen. Elektronenmikroskopisch konnten gleichartige Befunde erhoben werden, wie sie von anderen Autoren an typischen Schockkörpern beobachtet wurden. Die eigenen morphologischen Befunde lassen den Schluß zu, daß es im Zentrum der kugelförmigen, hyalinen Mikrothromben zu Auflösungserscheinungen kommt, die bis an die Oberfläche vordringen können, wo dann möglicherweise die Fibrinolyse beschleunigt abläuft. Die von anderen Autoren beschriebenen zellulären Elemente als mögliches Kondensationszentrum für Fibrinpräzipitate erweisen sich als strukturell intakte Zellen, die sich offenbar in Nischen von offenen Hohlkugeln oder im Zentrum ringförmiger, hyaliner Mikrothromben befinden. Die Fragen der diagnostischen Relevanz, der Vitalität und zeitlichen Zuordnung werden erörtert.Globular hyaline microthrombi are characterized by their diameter (2-30 micron), globular form, and positive PAS and PTAH reaction. They are a morphologic indicator of disturbed microcirculation and hemostasis, such as that occurring in shock. In two of our cases, we observed large globular hyaline microthrombi, some with central webbed degradation progressing to the formation of closed or open hollow globules. The electron microscopic findings were similar to those observed by other investigators in typical shock bodies. On the basis of the morphologic findings, the authors conclude that degradation phenomena start at the center of globular hyaline microthrombi and can progress to the surface where accelerated fibrinolysis is possible. The cellular elements that other investigators have described as a possible condensation center for fibrin precipitate proved to be structurally intact cells that are apparently located in niches of open hollow globules or in the center of circular hyaline microthrombi. The diagnostic relevance, vitality, and temporal classification are discussed.


International Journal of Legal Medicine | 1987

[Air embolism or putrefaction? Gas analysis findings and their interpretation].

I. Pedal; Moosmayer A; Hans Joachim Mallach; M. Oehmichen


Zeitschrift f�r Rechtsmedizin | 1986

ABH- und Lewis-Antigene der Trachealdrsen: II. Lewis-negative Individuen

I. Pedal; Ch. Baedeker


Archiv für Kriminologie | 1999

Fatal child neglect in East Germany 1 January 1985 to 2 October 1990. Results of a multicenter study

R. Vock; W. Trauth; H. Althoff; P. Betz; W. Bonte; I. Gerling; Matthias Graw; K. Hartge; R. Hilgermann; E. Höhmann; H. Kampmann; W. J. Kleemann; M. Kleiber; Michael H. Kramer; E. Lange; G. Lasczkowski; H. Leukel; Eberhard Lignitz; Burkhard Madea; D. Metter; I. Pedal; Stefan Pollak; M. Ramms; M. Scheller; J. Wilske


International Journal of Legal Medicine | 1986

[Form variants of globular hyaline microthrombi. Light microscopy, immunohistochemical and scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations].

M. Oehmichen; I. Pedal; Schmidt; W. Schlote

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M. Oehmichen

University of Tübingen

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Ch. Baedeker

University of Tübingen

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