Iain Banks

War and Sacrifice

This collection of papers on the archaeology of conflict covers a wide range in both time and space, running from Sub-Neolithic Finland to early Modern Ireland. The papers include a diverse series of approaches to the study of conflict, using excavation, osteology, artefacts and linguistics.

Beyond Recall: Searching for the Remains of a British Secret Weapon of World War I

Abstract This article discusses the development of the Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector, a massive British flamethrower that was used against German trenches in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Built underground within tunnels below No Man’s Land, this secret weapon was an attempt to use technology to break through German defences and reduce British casualties. The flame projector was the most effective flamethrower developed in WWI, but proved to be too inflexible and expensive to be widely used.

Control or Repression: Contrasting a Prisoner of War Camp and a Work Camp from World War Two

There are clear signs of control and repression in the architecture and layout of most internment camps, but internment camps were not the only form of institutional accommodation present in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Comparison of a prisoner of war camp and a forestry work camp, both in Scotland, reveals similarities and differences between the two. The similarities highlight issues of control and authority, while the differences reveal issues of repression and punishment. The comparison also reveals much about official mind-set in the United Kingdom during the Second World War.

Ghosts in the Desert: the Archaeological Investigation of a Sub-Saharan Battlefield

Abstract In November 1918, a battle was fought in the Kallaya saltpan as part of the conflicts relating to the Italian conquest of Libya from 1911 to 1936. Archaeological survey of the battlefield was able to record much of the detail of the fighting, but revealed the importance of the historical record in the interpretation of the results. The details of the fighting also indicate the considerable complexities involved in conflicts involving non-state groups.

Survey and Excavation of the Anglo-Zulu War Fort at Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Abstract A programme of topographic and geophysical survey was combined with metal detecting and trial trenching at the site of the British fort at KwaMondi, Eshowe, KwaZulu. Evidence was recovered of the buildings used by the British troops in 1879, together with artefacts from the siege. In addition, the results provided an insight into the history of the site after the end of the British occupation.

Protecting a Bloodstained History: Battlefield Conservation in Scotland

Abstract Scotlands battlefields gained legislative protection in March 2011 with the publication of the Inventory of Scottish Battlefields. The background to the Inventory is explored, with a consideration of how similar issues have been approached in other countries. The paper then goes on to examine the approach taken in the creation of the Inventory, looking at the issues that arose and the solutions adopted.

Not so Quiet on the Western Front: Progress and Prospect in the Archaeology of the First World War

Editorial iii Tony Pollard and Iain Banks Articles Iain Banks, Ghosts in the Desert: the Archaeological Investigation of a Sub-Saharan Battlefield 1 James Bonsall, The Study of Small Finds at the 1644 Battle of Cheriton 29 Conor Brady, Emmet Byrnes, Gabriel Cooney & Aidan O’Sullivan, An Archaeological Study of the Battle of the Boyne at Oldbridge, Co Meath 53 Natasha N. Ferguson, Platforms of Reconciliation? Issues in the Management of Battlefield Heritage in the Republic of Ireland ...... 79 Tom Fisher, Objects for Peaceful Disordering: Indigenous Designs and Practices of Protest 95 Derek Allsop & Glenn Foard, Case Shot: An Interim Report on Experimental firing and Analysis to Interpret Early Modern Battlefield Assemblages 111 Alastair H. Fraser & Martin Brown, Mud, Blood and Missing Men: Excavations at Serre, Somme, France 147 William O. Frazer, Field of Fire: Evidence for Wartime Conflict in a 17th-Century Cottier Settlement in County Meath, Ireland 173 Padraig Lenihan, Unhappy Campers: Dundalk (1689) and After ........ 197 Damian Shiels, Battle and Siege Maps of Elizabethan Ireland: Blueprints for Archaeologists? 217 David Sneddon, Newfoundlanders in a Highland Forest During WWII .... 233

Digging in the Dark: The Underground War on the Western Front in World War I

Abstract Throughout the First World War, with the trenches largely static, the combatants tried to break the deadlock by tunnelling under one another’s trenches. The Tunnelling Companies of the British Royal Engineers were engaged in a bitter struggle against German Pioneers that left both sides with heavy casualties. A project to determine the location of one particular act of heroism in that underground war has resulted in the erection of a monument to the Tunnellers at Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée in northern France.

Archaeological Investigation of Military Sites on Inchkeith Island

Abstract In August 2001, a programme of survey and trial excavation was carried out on the island of Inchkeith in the Firth of Forth in Scotland. The work was carried out as part of the first series of the BBC TV series Two Men in a Trench, and examined the WWII defences, together with some of the Victorian defences and a midden that probably dates to the 16th century.

Public engagements with Lapland’s Dark Heritage: Community archaeology in Finnish Lapland

ABSTRACT Research project Lapland’s Dark Heritage organized a one-week public excavation in Inari, Finnish Lapland, at a Second World War (WWII) German military hospital site in August 2016. #InariDig took place with the help of international experts and pre-registered volunteers. In this field report, two of the archaeologists leading the excavations and an ethnographer who took part in documenting this community archaeology experiment introduce the excavation sites and activities reflecting on the engagements with volunteers and local community.