Ibrahim Hakki Yilmaz

Possibilities of using sewage sludge as nitrogen fertilizer for maize

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer sources of ammonium sulphate and municipal sewage sludge on yield, N content and uptake of the maize (Zea mays L.). Nutrient and heavy metals were determined in soil and plant. The experiment with three sludge rates (256, 513 and 1026 kg total N ha−1 or 9.5, 18.0 and 38.1 t ha−1 sludge), two nitrogen rates (80 and 160 kg N ha−1) and zero-N control were conducted on a clay loam soils under irrigated conditions in Eastern Anatolia region in Turkey. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Yield, N content and total N uptake of maize increased significantly with sludge application. 9.5 t and 19.0 t ha−1 sewage sludge applications did not significantly affect heavy metal content of leaf and grain. However, 38.1 t ha−1 sludge applications increased leaf Pb and Zn. DTPA-extractable Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn concentrations of the soil increased at applications of 38.1 t ha−1 sewage sludge, whereas applications of 9.5 t and 19.0 t ha−1 sludge only resulted in elevated levels of Cu and Zn, We conclude that if sewage sludge is to be used in production of maize, applications rate up to 19 t ha−1 could be accepted. However, this means also that the N requirement of maize crop is not covered by the sludge; therefore, the rest of nitrogen could be supplied as inorganic N.

Dye plants of east anatolia region (Turkey)

Dye plants that are commonly used by the regional people of East Anatolia were studied. The following information was collected: local name of plants, the part of plants containing dye, obtained color, dying substances, and extraction of colors. As a result of area investigations carried out between 1994 and 2000, 50 taxa (used for dying wool yarns in the region) belonging to 38 genera and 26 families were determined from collected specimensBy using the dying plants and mediator substances, 15 different colors and tones can be obtained. The main colors are yellow, green, olive green, black, red, blue, dark blue, brown, gray, beige, orange, khaki, mustard, purple, and smoke. The colors and their many different tones were observed on kilims and carpets that are woven in the East Anatolia region of TurkeyRésuméBu çalişmada çok zengin bir floraya sahip olan Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde halkin yaygin olarak yün boyamada kullandiği boya bitkileri, bu bitkilerin yöresel isimleri, boya elde edilen bitki kismi ve elde edilen renk, boyar maddeler ve renklerin elde edilme şekli araştirilmiştir1994–2000 yillari arasinda gerçekleştirilen araştirma sonunda bölgede boya eldesinde kullamlan 26 familyaya ait 38 cins ve bu cinslere ait 50 takson tespit edilmicstir. Bu taksonlannfarkh mordanlar kullandmasi ile 15 ayn renk ile tonlannm eldesi kaydedildi. Bunlar sari renk ve tonlari, yeşil ve tonlaroi, kahverengi ve tonlari, kirmizi ve tonlari, gri ve tonlari, bej ve tonlari, mavi ve tonlari, zeytin yeşili, turuncu, haki ve hardal renkleri, siyah, mor, lacivert ve füme renkleri’dir.

Effect of sewage sludge and synthetic fertilizer on pH, available N and P in pasture soils in semi-arid area, Turkey

Activated sewage sludge from the aerobically-digested treatment and synthetic fertilizer were used to determine total N, available P and pH in different soil depth of pasture in semi arid ecological condition, in Van, Turkey. The study was carried out in a completely randomized block. Four treatment of sewage sludge, one treatment of synthetic fertilizer and no treatment as a control were used in two consecutive years. Soil samples were collected from surface soil (0 to 20 cm) and subsoil (20 to 40 cm) 11 months after SS (sewage sludge) and TSP (triple super phosphate) application and 7 months after AN application for both years. By using sewage sludge and synthetic fertilizers treatments, surface and subsoil pH decreased. The decreases of pH in SF and control plots in both soil depths in 2008 were attributed to root biomass. Although, sewage sludge contains less amount of nitrogen than synthetic fertilizer does, it enabled nitrogen detection in both soil depths for a longer time and in a higher amount. While an increase in the amount of nitrogen in surface soil and subsoil was determined in 2007, a decrease in these was determined in 2008 in both depths. Amount of subsoil available phosphorus increased more by sewage sludge applications. However, amount of surface soil available phosphorus increased more by sewage sludge applications in 2007, while it increased more by synthetic fertilizer application in 2008. The lowest pH value, highest amounts of total N and available P was obtained by higher doses of sewage sludge. However, when long time applications and mineralization process were considered, sewage sludge’s dose of 2.5 ton/ha -1 ya -1 can be said to provide more beneficial results than the synthetic fertilization’s highest dose which is suggested for

Effect of Addition of Urea or Urea Plus Molasses to Different Corn Silages Harvested at Dough Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Dry Matter Yield

Abstract Demirel, M., Yilmaz, İ., Deniz, S., Kaplan, O. and Akdeniz, H. 2003. Effect of addition of urea or urea plus molasses to different corn silages harvested at dough stage on silage quality and digestible dry matter yield. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 7–16. To study the effects of 0.5% urea, and 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses addition to different corn silages on its quality, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and digestible dry matter (DDM) yields, four corn cultivars, Arifiye, Frassino, Rx-947 and 3394 harvested at dough stage, were ensiled in cue litre silos for 90 days. Supplement, cultivars interactions were significant for most of the parameters studied, pH of all the silages was within desirable range. Among organic acids, lactic acid was highest in Rx-947, supplementation making no difference. IVDMD was highest in silages Rx-947 and. 3394 supplemented either with urea or urea plus molasses. The highest DDM yields were in silages of supplemented or unsupplemented Arifiye and 3394 cultivars followed by Frassino. Thus these three cultivars with or without supplementation are recommended for silage making.