Ilana Nogueira Bezerra

Association between eating out of home and body weight.

Eating outside of the home environment on a frequent basis has been associated with weight gain. Food choices when eating out are usually high in energy content, which contributes to excessive energy intake; however, the available data on out-of-home eating and obesity are far from conclusive. This systematic review assesses the association between out-of-home eating and body weight in adults over 18 years of age. The literature databases searched included Medline, Embase, Lilacs, The Cochrane Library, and the ISI Web of Knowledge. The review includes a comprehensive quality assessment of all included observational studies, 20 cross-sectional studies, and 8 prospective cohort studies. All but one of the prospective cohort studies and about half of the cross-sectional analyses found a positive association between out-of-home eating and body weight. However, many methodological differences among the studies were found, such as the definition of out-of-home eating and its assessment, which limits comparisons. The results of the present analysis suggest that in future studies fast-food restaurants and other out-of-home dining venues should be analyzed separately, assessments based on a single 24-h recall should be avoided, and controls for at-home choices (which were not included in any of the studies reviewed) are necessary to evaluate this association.

Eating out of home and obesity: a Brazilian nationwide survey

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between out-of-home (OH) eating and overweight and obesity among adults in Brazil. DESIGN Data were based on the 2002-2003 Household Budget Survey (48,470 households) conducted by The Brazilian Census Bureau. Foods and drinks purchased for OH eating during a one-week period were recorded by each participant. We considered OH eating as the purchase of at least one food or drink item for OH consumption during this period. We classified items as: soft drinks, deep-fried snacks, fast foods, sweets and sit-down meals. SETTING Urban areas in Brazil. SUBJECTS 56,178 participants (26,225 men and 29,953 women), aged 25-65 years. RESULTS The weighted prevalence of OH eating was 40.3 %. Overall, OH eating was positively associated with overweight (OR = 1.21; 95 % CI 1.10, 1.33) and obesity (OR = 1.35; 95 % CI 1.16, 1.57) among men, but not among women. Sit-down meals and soft drinks were the most frequently reported food groups. Both were positively associated with overweight (OR = 1.34 for meals; OR = 1.17 for soft drinks, P < 0.05) and obesity (OR = 1.51 for meals; OR = 1.39 for soft drinks, P < 0.05) among men, but negatively associated with overweight and obesity among women. CONCLUSIONS OH eating was associated with overweight and obesity only among men, whereas, among women, eating sit-down meals out of home was protective for obesity, suggesting that women make healthier food choices when they eat out of home.

Macronutrient consumption and inadequate micronutrient intake in adults

OBJECTIVE To estimate energy and nutrient intake and prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake among Brazilian adults. METHODS Data from the National Dietary Survey, from the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey, were used. Food consumption was evaluated through food record on two non-consecutive days. A total of 21,003 individuals (52.5% women), between 20-59 years old, participated in the survey. Usual nutrient intake was estimated according to the National Cancer Institute method. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-off points were used to determine the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake. For manganese and potassium, the Adequate Intake (AI) was used as cut-off. Sodium intake was compared with the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The probability approach was used to determine the prevalence of inadequate iron intake. The data were analyzed according to the location of the household (urban or rural) and macro regions of Brazil. RESULTS The mean energy intake was 2,083 kcal among men and 1,698 kcal among women. Prevalence of inadequacy equal to or greater than 70% were observed for calcium among men and magnesium, vitamin A, and sodium among both men and women. Prevalence equal to or greater than 90% were found for calcium in women and vitamins D and E in both genders. Prevalence lower than 5% were found for iron in men and for niacin in men and women. In general, prevalence of inadequate intake was higher in the rural area and in the Northeast region. CONCLUSIONS Energy intake was higher among individuals who live in urban areas and in the North region. The greatest risk groups of inadequate micronutrient intake were women and those living in rural areas and in the Northeast region.

Características e gastos com alimentação fora do domicílio no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar as caracteristicas da alimentacao fora do domicilio e os gastos com o seu consumo. METODOS: Foi analisada uma amostra complexa de 48.470 domicilios brasileiros, selecionados a partir da base de dados da Pesquisa de Orcamentos Familiares de 2002-2003. O consumo de alimentos fora do domicilio foi definido como a aquisicao de, pelo menos, um tipo de alimento para consumo fora de domicilio no periodo de sete dias. Foram estimadas frequencias de consumo de alimentos fora do domicilio segundo idade, sexo, nivel de escolaridade, renda mensal familiar per capita, numero de moradores por domicilio, regioes brasileiras, situacao do domicilio (urbano/rural) e capital ou outro municipio. Nove grupos de alimentos foram estudados: bebidas alcoolicas, refrigerantes, biscoitos, frutas, doces, leite e derivados, refeicoes, fast foods e salgados fritos e assados. RESULTADOS: A frequencia de consumo de alimentos fora do domicilio foi de 35%, sendo maior na regiao Sudeste (38,8%) e menor na regiao Norte (28,1%). A frequencia foi maior entre os individuos de 20 a 40 anos (42%), do sexo masculino (39% vs. 31%), com maior nivel de renda (52%) e maior escolaridade (61%). Os alimentos mais frequentemente consumidos fora do domicilio foram: refrigerantes (12%), refeicoes (11,5%), doces (9,5%), salgados fritos e assados (9,2%) e fast foods (7,2%). O consumo dos grupos de alimentos cresceu linearmente com a renda, exceto para frutas e biscoitos. Os gastos medios semanais foram menores para biscoitos (R

Inadequação do consumo de nutrientes entre adolescentes brasileiros

1,79) e doces (R

Characteristics and spending on out-of-home eating in Brazil

2,02) e maiores para refeicoes (R

Inadequate nutrient intake among the Brazilian elderly: National Dietary Survey 2008-2009

21,56). CONCLUSOES: O consumo de alimentos fora do domicilio e frequente em todas as regioes do Brasil. As politicas publicas devem incorporar essa dimensao ao propor estrategias de alimentacao saudavel.OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics of out-of-home eating and spending on such consumption. METHODS A complex sample of 48,470 Brazilian households, selected from the 2002-2003 Household Budget Survey (HBS) was analyzed. Out-of-home eating was defined as the purchase of at least one type of food for consumption out of the home during seven days. Frequencies of out-of-home eating were estimated according to age, sex, level of education, monthly per capita household income, number of residents per household, Brazilian regions, situation of household (urban/rural) and capital/other city. A total of nine groups of foods were studied: alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, cookies, fruits, sweets, milk and dairy products, fast foods, sit-down meals and deep-fried snacks. RESULTS Frequency of out-of-home eating was 35%, being higher in the Southeast region (38.8%) and lower in the North region (28.1%) of Brazil. Frequency was higher in individuals aged between 20 and 40 years (42%), males (39% vs. 31%), with higher income (52%) and educational levels (61%). Foods most frequently consumed out of the home were as follows: soft drinks (12%), sit-down meals (11.5%), sweets (9.5%), deep-fried snacks (9.2%) and fast foods (7.2%). Consumption of food groups increased linearly with income, except for fruits and cookies. Values of weekly mean spending were lower for cookies (R

Ingestão inadequada de nutrientes na população de idosos do Brasil: Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009

1.79 or US

Contribution of foods consumed away from home to energy intake in Brazilian urban areas: the 2008-9 Nationwide Dietary Survey.

0.54) and sweets (R

Consumo de macronutrientes e ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes em adultos

2.02 or US