Inês Carvalho

An Analysis of Gendered Employment in the Portuguese Tourism Sector

Tourism is crucial for the Portuguese economy. But what are the numbers behind tourism employment in Portugal? This article analyzes employment in two tourism characteristic activities, namely accommodation services and travel agencies and tour operators. A matched employer-employee data set is used. Despite having higher levels of education, women are more prevalent in low qualified jobs, while men are more likely to hold executive and management positions. Moreover, womens pay is consistently lower. It is also concluded that the accommodation sector and the travel sector have very distinct characteristics. It is suggested that future studies analyze the sectors in a disaggregated way.

The Influence of Gender and Education-Related Variables on Career Development: The Case of Portuguese and Brazilian Tourism Graduates

This study examines the influence of higher education-related variables on the career paths of tourism graduates in Portugal and Brazil, while taking into account gender differences. It analyzes whether the geographical location of the educational institution, the educational subsystem, and the level of academic degree influence the graduate outcomes of Portuguese and Brazilian tourism graduates in terms of employment rates, salary levels, and entrepreneurial profile. Data provide empirical evidence that pursuing a tourism postgraduate degree provides access to better conditions in the labor market and attenuates gender inequalities. In addition, the geographical location and the educational subsystem are important factors to consider when selecting a Portuguese higher institution in the tourism field.

Multiple processes drive genetic structure of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) populations across spatial scales

Elucidating patterns of population structure for species with complex life histories, and disentangling the processes driving such patterns, remains a significant analytical challenge. Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) populations display complex genetic structures that have not been fully resolved at all spatial scales. We generated a data set of nuclear markers for 3575 samples spanning the seven breeding stocks and substocks found in the South Atlantic and western and northern Indian Oceans. For the total sample, and males and females separately, we assessed genetic diversity, tested for genetic differentiation between putative populations and isolation by distance, estimated the number of genetic clusters without a priori population information and estimated rates of gene flow using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian approaches. At the ocean basin scale, structure is governed by geographical distance (IBD P < 0.05) and female fidelity to breeding areas, in line with current understanding of the drivers of broadscale population structure. Consistent with previous studies, the Arabian Sea breeding stock was highly genetically differentiated (FST 0.034–0.161; P < 0.01 for all comparisons). However, the breeding stock boundary between west South Africa and east Africa was more porous than expected based on genetic differentiation, cluster and geneflow analyses. Instances of male fidelity to breeding areas and relatively high rates of dispersal for females were also observed between the three substocks in the western Indian Ocean. The relationships between demographic units and current management boundaries may have ramifications for assessments of the status and continued protections of populations still in recovery from commercial whaling.

Introduction: New Paradigms of Active Ageing

The main purpose of this chapter is to describe active ageing as a continuous and unavoidable process. An integrated and holistic approach is needed, which highlights the advantages of psychomotricity and gerontomotricity. Such an approach can decrease physical and social isolation in the elderly, and even help them to find their affordances. Therefore, their opportunities for socialization and recreation can be increased. Elderly quality of life stretches beyond the physical and biological dimensions. Healthy ageing presupposes a dynamic balance between body, cognition and affection. The elderly think, feel and move differently. Therefore, they require special care concerning their physical activity and the management of the organic, nutritional and physiological aspects that affect their ageing bodies. From this perspective, the topic of active ageing comprehends healthy lifestyles and physical activity. These recommendations, which are widely known in Western societies, aim to prevent disease and promote health. In addition, active ageing, in the broad sense, should assume a paradigm shift that adequately responds to aspects related with the increase in longevity, quality of life and health among the older people. According to the state of the art, physical activity can play a crucial role in the protection against age-related morbidity and in the increase of longevity. Regardless of the age when physical activity starts, changes in sedentary patterns, even among those older than 85, can substantially reduce mortality and functional disability. The adaptations introduced in the movement, if performed adequately, may contribute to improve not only individuals’ health, but also their quality of life. Finally, physical activity may effectively improve ability by improving several functions of the body, such as strength, flexibility, resistance and general physical aptitude. However, it is necessary to adapt physical activity recommendations to older people, in order to cater for their specific needs. It is also essential to use several types of exercise which can correct or improve the functional limitations identified.