Ivandro Bertan

Association between genetic distances in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as estimated by AFLP and morphological markers

Molecular and morphological data analyses matrices are very informative tools for the estimation of genetic distances. We used AFLP markers, morphological traits and combined analysis to estimate the genetic distances between wheat genotypes and ascertain any associations between the two techneques. Nineteen wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and field evaluated for two years. The matrices obtained by morphological and molecular marker data analyses revealed a significant but moderate correlation (r = 0.47), indicating that such techniques sample distinct genome regions. The combined analysis was found to be highly correlated with AFLP (r = 0.97) and moderately correlated with morphological (r = 0.59) markers. A possible explanation for such results is a bias caused by the much higher number of AFLP (229) than morphological (17) markers. Thus, it is evident that the combined analysis is not efficient when a very dissimilar number of markers are used in each isolated technique. Therefore, to obtain a better knowledge of the degree of divergence among genotypes it is necessary to consider each analysis separately.

Seeding density in wheat genotypes as a function of tillering potential

Seeding density adjustments is one of the practices that most influence grain yield, as well as other agronomic traits. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the ideal plant stand to achieve the maximum grain yield in genotypes showing differential tillering ability. Also, to establish the associations between the genotypes used with tillering and other agronomically important traits as weight of a thousand grains. Two experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Capao do Leao, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Five low (JURITI, BR 18, CEP 29, BR 18 and CD 108) and five high (CD 114, SAFIRA, FIGUEIRA, BRS 177 and UMBU) tillering potential wheat cultivars were tested for two years on a split-plot design. The results indicate the need for recommending cultivars based on more than one year of cultivation, especially when dealing with contrasting genotypes for the trait fertile tillers. Regarding the ideal plant stand, seeding density of low tillering ability genotypes ranges from 417 to 555 seeds m-2, in order to obtain maximum yield and grain weight. On the other hand, for high tillering ability genotypes, the ideal stand ranges from 221 to 422 seeds m-2. These results were year independent. Furthermore, low tillering ability genotypes showed a closer association of number of fertile tillers with grain yield. However, an inverse association was found between number of fertile tillers and weight of a thousand grains.

Dissimilaridade genética entre genótipos de trigo avaliados em cultivo hidropônico sob estresse por alumínio

O conhecimento da distância genetica entre genotipos e importante ferramenta utilizada na escolha de genitores que vao dar origem as populacoes segregantes. Essa informacao serve como parâmetro para indicacao de cruzamentos que possibilitem recuperar recombinantes superiores para o carater desejado. O principal objetivo do estudo foi promover informacoes de dissimilaridade genetica para o carater tolerância ao aluminio toxico em genotipos de trigo da Regiao Sul do Brasil, avaliados em cultivo hidroponico sob estresse por aluminio em nivel toxico, utilizando diferentes tecnicas de agrupamento e visualizacao grafica. Entre os 23 genotipos testados, foi constatada a presenca de variabilidade genetica para tolerância ao aluminio, verificada pela formacao de diferentes classes na media das variaveis consideradas bem como agrupamentos distintos. As tecnicas de agrupamento e dispersao grafica utilizadas juntamente com a comparacao de medias permitiram identificar de modo eficiente os genotipos promissores na formacao de populacoes segregantes superiores para o carater estudado. Os genotipos ICAT 01338, ICAT 011, ICA 2, ICA 5, CD 106, CEP 24, CD 103, CD 105, IPR 85, IPR 110 e ICAT 012 sao indicados para cruzamentos na expectativa de incremento de tolerância ao aluminio nas progenies formadas.

Comparação entre medidas de distância genealógica, morfológica e molecular em aveia em experimentos com e sem a aplicação de fungicida

Estimatives of genetic dissimilarity between cultivars can be useful in a breeding program for directing crosses and evaluating the available germplasm. The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic dissimilarity between oat genotypes through AFLP markers and inbreeding coefficient and to intercorrelate these estimate with each other and with an estimate based on agronomical traits in experiments with and without fungicide application. Eleven oat cultivars were used to estimate the molecular genetic distance, from which nine were evaluated in the field to obtain the morphological estimatives. For the estimates of inbreeding coefficients, eight genotypes had known pedigree and were considered for the analyisis. A comparison of the matrices was obtained through a correlation analysis. Among the dissimilarity measures evaluated, the estimated distances based on molecular data and the inbreeding coefficient, were those evidencing the highest correlation (0.45). The second highest correlation was obtained between the morphological distances in experiments with and without fungicide application (0.44), no other correlation obtained was significant. Then, it is evident the presence of high genetic variability among the studied genotypes and the necessity of all three techniques to be used in a joined manner for obtaining a more precise estimate of genetic dissimilarity.

Morphological, pedigree, and molecular distances and their association with hybrid wheat performance

The objectives of this work were to estimate the genetic distance among wheat genotypes using morphological, pedigree, molecular, and combined morphological and molecular measures, to determine the correlations between these measures, and to evaluate the combining ability of the genotypes. Three generations and two planting designs were studied. Six wheat genotypes were crossed using a diallel design. The F1, F2 and F3generations were evaluated in the field, in the crop seasons of 2003, 2004 and 2005, under spaced plant and full-row planting designs. The estimated general and specific combining abilities of tested hybrids were influenced both by the generation and the planting design. The correlation coefficients among the distance measures and between these measures and genotype performances of different generations for the two planting designs were low to moderate. In order to obtain a more precise estimate of the genetic distance among cultivars and its association with the hybrid performance, more than one generation, planting design, and genetic distance estimation technique should be employed.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade em aveia em ambientes estratificados

Twenty oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) were evaluated for grain yield in the crop year of 2001 and 2002 in nine different locations in Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo states, Brazil. The objectives of this work were to obtain adaptability and stability parameters estimates in favorable and unfavorable environments with and without fungicide application. The methodology of EBERHART & RUSSELL (1966) was applied. The significance for years, genotypes, fungicides and locals indicated a differential behavior of genotypes in favorable and unfavorable environments with and without fungicide application. Data analysis shows that fungicide application and the favorable and unfavorable environment affected intensely the parameters of adaptability (b1) and stability (s2di), indicating that these estimates must be performed in stratified environmental conditions, despite the fact that no ideal biotype was found, as predicted by the adopted model.

Morphological and AFLP markers for describing genetic relationships among white-oat genotypes

The use of different genetic dissimilarity indicators can help in both the selection of crop improvement strategies and as artificial crosses. The objectives of this work were to estimate the genetic dissimilarity among seven oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) through molecular (dg) and morphological (dm) markers. Data were obtained from two experiments carried out in Capao do Leao County, RS, Brazil, in 2000. The estimated correlation coefficient (r = 0.33) indicated a low association between dg and dm estimates. The genotypes with similar pedigrees (UPF 16 and UPF 17), with a bootstrapping value of 82.7%, performed the most consistent group (dg) and clustered more closely in both techniques (dg and dm). However, genotypes with similar pedigree clustered in distant groups. Both dissimilarity estimates need to be used in order to obtain a more reliable choice of dissimilar parents, with higher probability of developing promising base populations.

Variabilidade genética em trigos brasileiros a partir de caracteres componentes da qualidade industrial e produção de grãos

The breeding for wheat bread making quality represents a great opportunity to incorporate commercial value to agricultural products. Wheat has one of the best relationship between end product quality and farmer earnings. Genetic variability among 22 different genotypes based on bread making quality traits and grain yield and the degree of their association was assessed. This research was performed at Centro Agropecuario da Palma experimental field of Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capao do Leao (RS), Brazil. The results indicated that it is likely the existence of genetic variability for the assessed traits. BRS 208, Rubi and Safira were the best genotypes for breeding programs aiming at high grain yield and bread making quality. Grain yield showed negative correlation with flour protein content. Thus, grain yield improvement can negatively affect protein content. However, the total protein content did not show a significant correlation with gluten strength, suggesting that the protein in the flour is not efficient for predicting bread making quality. Therefore, selection for grain yield can be performed without affecting bread making quality.

TOLERÂNCIA AO ALUMÍNIO EM CULTIVARES DE AVEIA BRANCA SOB CULTIVO HIDROPÔNICO ( 1 )

TOLERANCE TO THE ALUMINUM IN OAT CULTIVARS UNDER HYDROPONIC CULTURE The use of hidroponic culture to evaluate tolerance to aluminum toxicity in oat genotypes can be performed by measuring root regrowth, allowing phenotypically to discriminate tolerant genetic constitutions sensitivity. Twelve white oat cultivars indicated for cultivation in Southern Brazil were evaluated aiming at to characterize their aluminum tolerance, in order to use them as parents in crosses or to recommend them for in cultivation regions. Aluminum concentration of 10, 15 and 20 mg L -1 were used in the hydroponic solution arranged in complete randomized blocks with three replications in 12 x 3 factorial designs. Concentrations of 10, 15 and 20 mg L -1 were highly efficient for the identification of tolerant and sensitive oat genotypes. Cultivars UPF 16, URS 21, UFRGS 14, UPF 19 and UFRGS 17 showed aluminum.

Variabilidade fenotípica de caracteres adaptativos da aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) em cruzamentos dialélicos

Plant breeding is based on the pursue of an amplification of genetic variability through planned crosses. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to study the formed populations, in order to predict the potential of different parental combinations, allowing a higher selection efficiency for the desired trait, optimizing genetics gains. Thus, the objective of this work was to observe the phenotypic variability of the characters plant stature, vegetative cycle and reproductive cycle in F2 generation and to predict the best combinations to obtain superior genetic constitutions. Therefore, five oat genotypes (UPF 16, UPF 18, UFRGS 7, UFRGS 17 and URPEL 15) were crossed in a diallelic format, without reciprocal crosses, for the development of F2 populations. To analyze population variability, the following parameters were used: mean, variance and asymmetry of frequency distribution. The crosses UPF 16 x UFRGS 17 and UFRGS 17 x URPEL 15 produced a large amount of plants with shorter stature. For the character vegetative cycle, UPF 16 x UPF 18, UPF 16 x UFRGS 7, UPF 16 x UFRGS 17, UPF 16 x URPEL 15, UFRGS 7 x UFRGS 17 and UFRGS 7 x URPEL 15 were the crosses that produced short cycle plants. UPF 16 x UFRGS 17 and UPF 16 x URPEL 15 produced a large number of long-cycled progenies.