J.J.O. Pinto

Controle de Capim-Arroz (Echinochloa spp.) em função de métodos de manejo na cultura do arroz irrigado

RESUMO - Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficacia do herbicida penoxsulam emfuncao do inicio da irrigacao permanente e da epoca de sua aplicacao e dose no controle decapim-arroz ( Echinochloa crusgalli e E. colona), bem como sua seletividade a cultura do arrozirrigado, cultivar Qualimax-1. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em delineamentoexperimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeticoes, no esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 4,representando epocas de inicio da irrigacao por inundacao (21 e 30 dias apos a emergencia– DAE), epocas de aplicacao (pre-emergencia e pos-emergencia inicial e tardia) e doses doherbicida penoxsulam (0, 18, 36 e 72 g ha

Atividade residual de (imazethapyr+imazapic) para sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor) semeado em rotação com o arroz irrigado

The objective of this research was to evaluate the field persistence of the herbicide Only (imazethapyr+imazapic), to grain sorghum, planted in rotation after one, two or three years of Clearfield® (CL) rice. The field study was carried out at Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capao do Leao, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Clearfield rice was established as the main crop, Italian ryegrass as a succession crop and grain sorghum, as a rotation crop after CL rice. Except for the first rice crop, all the other cultures were planted as no-till rice. Ryegrass plants were burned down in every experiment using glyphosate (760 g a.e. ha-1). The experimental design was a factorial with treatments arranged in a complete randomized design, with four replications, where factor A was the number of CL rice seasons and B was the herbicide rate. The rice cultivar was IRGA 422 CL, and the herbicide treatments were Only (imazethapyr+imazapic) at 0; (75+25); (112.5+37.5) and (150+50) g ha-1. Adjuvant Dash was added to the herbicide at 0.5% v/v. The experiments were labeled as A1, A2 or A3, respectively, for one, two or three years of CL rice. Grain sorghum, cv. BR 304, was planted as a bioindicator of herbicide residue. The following parameters were evaluated: plant population, plant height; above ground biomass, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. As for grain sorghum plant height and 1000-seed weight, an interaction was observed between the different environments (years of CL rice) and herbicide rate (imazethapyr+imazapic). For the other parameters, only effect for herbicide rat was detected. The results suggested that all grain sorghum parameters were affected by the herbicides (imazethapyr+ imazapic) in the soil. Grain sorghum injury increased with herbicide rate. In conclusion, grain sorghum, planted in rotation with rice is affected by the residue of the herbicide Only (imazethapyr+imazapic) applied to Clearfield® rice.

Teores de água no solo e eficácia do herbicida fomesafen no controle de Amaranthus hybridus

RESUMO - Com os objetivos de avaliar a eficacia do herbicida fomesafen no controle deplantas de Amaranthus hybridus se desenvolvendo em solo com diferentes teores de agua edeterminar qual o menor teor de agua do solo que nao prejudica a acao desse herbicida nocontrole dessa especie, foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetacao. O delineamentoexperimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, envolvendo cincointervalos entre a ultima irrigacao e a aplicacao do herbicida (0, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas) e cincodoses de fomesafen (0,0, 62,5, 125,0, 250,0 e 375,0 g ha

Milho (Zea mays) como espécie bioindicadora da atividade residual de (imazethapyr+imazapic)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual soil activity of herbicide (imazethapyr+imazapic), labeled for the Clearfield (CL) system and using corn, cv. Biomatrix 2202, as a bioindicator. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, in southern Brazil. Rice, cv. IRGA 422 CL, was planted in boxes (60 x 40 x 20 cm). At the 3-4 leaf stage, the herbicide Only (imazethapyr+imazapic) was sprayed at 0; 25+75; 37.5+112.5 and 50+150 g ha-1. After harvesting the rice, boxes were kept without flooding for 45 days. Black oat (Avena strigosa) was planted to keep the soil covered during the winter. In the spring, oat was harvested and 360 or 540 days after herbicide aplication (DAA), the soil from the boxes was transferred to two sets of pots labeled as experiment 1 (main corn crop) and experiment 2 (minor corn crop), respectively. The soil for experiment 2 was kept drained during the time period between seeding the two studies (360 to 540 DAA). Corn was planted in both studies and harvested at the 4-5 leaf stages. The variables evaluated were shoot and root biomass, plant height and leaf area index (for experiment 2). The data from both studies were analyzed using ANOVA (<0.05), and tested as polynomial models, when significant. A significant reduction was observed in shoot and root biomass, plant height and leaf area index planted up to 540 days after (imazethapyr+imazapic) aplication to CL rice. Corn cv. Biomatrix 2202 showed to be a good bioindicator of soil residual activity for the herbicide (imazethapyr+imazapic) in the CL system.

Crescimento de espécies bioindicadoras do residual do herbicida (imazethapyr+imazapic), semeadas em rotação com arroz Clearfield®

This work aimed to determine the residual effect of the herbicide Only® (imazethapyr+imazapic) on corn, cucumber, radish and tomato grown in soil where the herbicide was applied 1.100 days earlier. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a randomized block design, with four replicates per treatment. The treatments were the residual herbicide applied under Only® rice CL plants in the 2006/2007 crop season at doses of 0, 100, 150, and 200 g ha-1 of the commercial product, plus 0.5% of adjuvant Dash®. Fifteen seeds of each bio-indicator (corn, cucumber, radish and tomato) were sown in the plots and thinned to 10 plants after emergence. After 60 days of sowing, the variables plant height, aboveground dry biomass and root dry biomass were measured, except the latter for the corn plants. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (p < 0.05) and tested by polynomial regression models. It was concluded that there was a residual activity of the herbicide Only® (imazethapyr+imazapic) applied under greenhouse conditions, 1,100 days after herbicide application DAA, negatively affecting plant height and aboveground dry biomass of corn, cucumber, radish and tomato. Thus, these species can be used as bio-indicators of residual activity of the commercial mixture of herbicides (imazethapyr + imazapic). Radish and tomato were more sensitive to the presence of the product, compared to corn and cucumber.

Métodos de manejo de Cyperus esculentus na lavoura de arroz irrigado

The Cyperaceae family include the most important weeds found in the state of Rio Grande do Sul rice fields. The objective of this work was to evaluate Cyperus esculentus control and rice cv. Qualimax 1 selectivity and grain yield in function of the irrigation starting times, application times and penoxsulam rates. The trial was set up under field conditions in the agricultural year of 2005/2006 and was arranged in a completely randomized block design with split plots and four replications. Treatments were in a factorial scheme (2 x 3 x 5) and consisted of two herbicide application times (early and late), three irrigation starting times (1, 15 and 30 days after treatment), and herbicide rates (0, 24, 36, 48 and 60 g ha-1 ). The herbicide penoxsulam showed selectivity to the rice culture regardless of the association between the evaluated treatments. The application of penoxsulam, combined with irrigation starting 15 days after herbicide application promoted efficient control of C. esculentus. Highest grain yield was obtained by applying penoxsulam at the rates of 36 g ha-1 or above, regardless of the application time, and when early irrigation was carried out.

Teores de água no solo e eficácia do herbicida glyphosate no controle de Euphorbia heterophylla

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate in controlling Euphorbia heterophylla growing under different soil moisture levels and to determine the lowest soil moisture level failing to prevent herbicide effectiveness in controlling this weed. The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 6 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to six intervals between the last irrigation and herbicide application (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs) and five glyphosate doses(0, 180, 360, 720, and 1.080 g ha-1). When the plants achieved the 3-leaf pair stage, 10 mm of simulated rain were applied. At the end of the rain simulation period, the herbicide was applied using a pressurized backpack sprayer with CO2, using 120 L ha-1 of spray volume. On days 7, 20, 34 and 41 after application, the control was evaluated by using a visual scale as well plant height (cm) and on day 41, the dry weight of both the root and aerial part was assessed. Satisfactory control levels of E. heterophylla were verified at a dose of 720 g ha-1 glyphosate, regardless of the time interval between the last irrigation and herbicide application. Application of 360 g ha-1 of glyphosate at time intervals shorter than 48 hrs, between the last irrigation and its application and in soils presenting water contents higher than 0.09 cm3 cm-3, did not prevent herbicide efficacy. Application of 180 g ha-1 of glyphosate at intervals shorter than 12 hrs between the last irrigation and its application and in soils presenting water contents higher than 0.14 cm3 cm-3 did not affect herbicide efficacy.

Suscetibilidade de cultivares de arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa) à deriva simulada do herbicida imazethapyr + imazapic

The susceptibility of rice cultivars IRGA 417, BR-IRGA 410, BRS Pelota and Qualimax 1 was evaluated using a simulated drift of the herbicide imazethapyr + imazapic as a function of timing of flooding. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions during the 2003/2004 growing season. The experimental design was arranged in randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments consisted of drift simulation by applying increasing herbicide doses at the following rates: 0%, 3.125%; 6.25%; 12.5%; 25%; 50% or 100% of the commercial dose (amended with Dash at 0.5% v/v), on rice plants at the V3 to V4 growth stages. Flooding was applied either three days prior or after treatment application. Herbicide was applied using a CO2 pressurized costal sprayer (flat fan nozzles 110.015 on the boom) at 150 L ha-1 with a constant pressure of 210 kPa. Phytotoxicity, expressed in percentage, was evaluated visually at 10, 15 and 20 days after treatment (DAT). Plant and root dry mass were evaluated at 25 DAT. Results showed that herbicide drift promoted toxic effects to rice plant under both dry and flooding conditions. Plant dry mass was significantly reduced with increasing herbicide dosage, regardless of timing of flooding. Cultivar IRGA 417 was the most sensitive to imazethapyr + imazapic simulated drift.

Transporte ascendente da mistura formulada de imazethapyr e imazapic em resposta à profundidade do lençol freático

The herbicides that use the Clearfield Rice System can persist in the environment and damage non-tolerant rice sowing in rotation. This damage can variable in intensity, depending on, among other factors, of the upward movement of the herbicide to the absorption region of the plant root system. The aim of this research was to verify the effect of the height of the water table in upward movement of the herbicide in intact soil cores. Intact soil cores were collected with PVC tubes 15cm in diameter and 30cm deep. The herbicide was applied on the bottom of the samples, and it was simulated water table depths (0, 5, 10, 15 and 25cm of the soil surface). The intact samples remained in this condition for a period of 150 days, when they were cut into 5cm slices (0-5 a 25-30cm) and bioassay were performed with the non-tolerant rice cultivar. With the results it was conclude that there is upward movement of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic herbicides along the paddy soil profile during the fallow and this transport is greater when the water table is located closer to the soil surface. The upward movement by dilution of the herbicide in the soil solution occurs by mass flow through the water transported by capillarity to superficial sites of soil.

Suscetibilidade de duas Gramas-boiadeiras a diferentes formulações de glyphosate

The use of glyphosate to chemical control of Cutgrass and Peruvian Watergrass with the use of non-selective herbicides has not been efficient. In this context, the investigation of chemical control of these species to glyphosate is very important, since there are not available commercially selective herbicides to control these species in post-emergence of irrigated rice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Cutgrass and Peruvian Watergrass to different formulations of glyphosate. Two factorial experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in the first the A factor were two formulations of glyhposate (potassium and isopropylamine salt) and the B factor were nine doses of the herbicide (zero; 175; 350; 700; 1400; 2800; 5600; 11200; 22400g a.e. ha-1). In the second experiment, the A factor were two species (Leersia hexandra and Luziola peruviana), the B factor were three formulations of glyphosate (amoniun, potassium e isopropylamine salt) and the C factor were nine doses of herbicides (zero; 87,5; 175; 350; 700; 1400; 2800; 5600; 11200g a.e. ha-1). Based on the results obtained, it was observed that these species exhibit differential susceptibility to glyphosate. Moreover, Leersia hexandra was more sensitive when compared to Luziola peruviana. Glyphosate formulation influenced control efficiency, where Transorb Roundup R® and Roundup Ultra® provided the best control of the two species.