T. Dal Magro

Conyza bonariensis biotypes resistant to the glyphosate in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT - Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used for over 20 years to control weeds inRio Grande do Sul. Horseweed ( Conyza bonariensis ) is a common weed in Rio Grande do Sulandtraditionallysensitive toglyphosate.However,during the lastyears,some horseweed plantshavenotshownsignificantinjurysymptomsaftertreatmentwithglyphosate,suggestingthattheyareresistanttothisherbicide.Aimingtoevaluatetheresponseof apopulationof horseweedplantsto glyphosate, one field and twogreenhouse experiments were carried out. The field experimenttreatmenthadincreasingratesofglyphosate(0,360,720,1,440,2,880and5,760 g ha -1 ),andalsotheherbicidesparaquatand2,4-Dasstandards.Thegreenhouseexperimentshadincreasingratesofglyphosate (0, 360, 720, 1,440, 2,880 and 5,760 g ha -1 ) plus the above listed check herbicidessprayed on biotypes considered resistantand on plants of one susceptible biotype. Inthe secondgreenhouse experiment, the treatments were increasing rates of glyphosate (720, 1,440 and 1 Recebido para publicacao em 9.1.2007 e na forma revisada em 31.8.2007.

Níveis de dano econômico para decisão de controle de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) em arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa)

Economic weed threshold (EWT) for monitoring barnyardgrass infestation in flooded rice farms allows the adoption of crop management measurements and a rational use of herbicide. The objective of this study was to determine EWT for barnyardgrass based on a single year in function of barnyardgrass populations, rice varieties and flooding timings. Thus, two trials were carried out using a completely randomized design with no replications. The first trial treatments consisted of six rice varieties: BRS-Atalanta, IRGA 421 (very short cycle); IRGA 416, IRGA 417, Avaxi (short cycle) and BRS-Fronteira (medium cycle); as well as ten barnyardgrass populations. The second trial treatments were flooding timings: 1, 10 and 20 DAT (days after herbicide treatment) and barnyardgrass populations. The estimated EWT for barnyardgrass varied in function of the adopted management practices in the flooded rice crop. The estimated EWT for rice IRGA 416 and 417 was greater than that of the other cultivars when in barnyardgrass competition. Flooding timing delay reduced EWT for the BRS-Pelota rice variety. Increased potential yield losses, product value and herbicide efficiency as well as reduced control price reduced EWT, rendering viable the adoption of management practices at low barnyardgrass density when competing with flooded rice.

Relative Competitive Ability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Intercropped with Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)

Replacement series experiments make possible the study of inter and intraspecific competition, based on the fact that the yield of the species under competition can be determined by comparing with plants in monoculture. The objective of this work was to investigate the relative competitive ability of wheat crop with the weeds Italian ryegrass or wild radish. Three experiments were conducted under greenhouse at UFPel, in 2006. The treatments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replications, with the treatments arranged in replacement series. The proportions of wheat plants and competitors Italian ryegrass or wild radish were: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100, always with a total population of 900 plants m-2. Competitiveness statistical analysis consisted in applying diagrams to the replacement series and interpreting the competitiveness indices. The competitive relationships between wheat and ryegrass or between wheat and wild radish plants are altered by the proportion of plants that compose the association. Wheat shows superior competitive ability to ryegrass but inferior to wild radish when the species have similar proportions of plants in the associations and when these species occur in the same ecological niche.

Estimativa das perdas de produtividade de grãos em cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa) pela interferência do capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.)

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the level of barnyardgrass interference in flooded rice cultivars and to compare explicative variables aiming to identify the variable providing better data adjustment to a mathematical model. Thus, a field experiment was carried out during the 2005/2006 growing season, with rice cultivated under the conventional system. Treatments consisted of six rice cultivars differing in life cycle duration and ten barnyardgrass plant populations. Variables were evaluated 28 days after rice emergence. The rectangular hyperbolic model was tested to describe the relationship between rice grain yield loss and explicative variables in plants, dry weight, soil coverage and leaf area. Rice grain yield losses due to barnyardgrass interference may be satisfactorily estimated by the hyperbolic model. IRGA 421, 416, and 417 rice cultivars were the most competitive, attaining suitable data fitting to the model tested for all evaluated variables. The variable Barnyardgrass plant population presents better adjustment to the model than do shoot dry matter mass, soil cover, or leaf area.

Controle de Capim-Arroz (Echinochloa spp.) em função de métodos de manejo na cultura do arroz irrigado

RESUMO - Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficacia do herbicida penoxsulam emfuncao do inicio da irrigacao permanente e da epoca de sua aplicacao e dose no controle decapim-arroz ( Echinochloa crusgalli e E. colona), bem como sua seletividade a cultura do arrozirrigado, cultivar Qualimax-1. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em delineamentoexperimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeticoes, no esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 4,representando epocas de inicio da irrigacao por inundacao (21 e 30 dias apos a emergencia– DAE), epocas de aplicacao (pre-emergencia e pos-emergencia inicial e tardia) e doses doherbicida penoxsulam (0, 18, 36 e 72 g ha

Interferência de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) na cultura do arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa) em função da época de irrigação

The adoption of new weed management methods for flooded rice, aiming to reduce the use of herbicides requires quantitative knowledge about the weed-crop interference relations. The objectives of this research were to evaluate flooding start timing influence on the rice crop and barnyardgrass interference in the crop, as well as to compare the explicative variables plant population, dry weight, soil covering and leaf area to identify the one providing a better data adjustment to the model. Thus, a trial was carried out during the 2005/2006 growing season, arranged in a completely randomized design, with no replication. The treatments were flooding timing at: 1, 10 and 20 days after herbicide treatment (DAT), and barnyardgrass populations of 0, 6, 8, 14, 20, 28, 42, 66 and 200; 0, 4, 6, 50, 66, 88, 92 and 200; 0, 10, 12, 32, 42, 74, 166, 174 and 178 plants m-2, for flooding at 1, 10 and 20 DAT, respectively, resulting in 26 experimental units. Crop yield loss in function of the explicative variables population, canopy dry mass, leaf area and soil coverage of barnyardgrass plants were related by the rectangular hyperbole non-linear regression. The rectangular hyperbole appropriately estimates crop yield loss of flooded rice due to barnyardgrass interference. Flooding anticipation modifies the competitive ability of rice plants cv. BRS-Pelota in relation to barnyardgrass plants. The variable plant population fits better to the model, when compared to the other variables.

Association of plant traits in oat cultivars with competitive ability

Morphological crop plant traits which confer greater competitive ability may integrate cultural weed management measures, thus reducing the use of herbicides. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a fast initial growth of oat cultivars relate to their competitive potential with concurrent plants. A field experiment was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, in Capao do Leao-RS, during the 2006 growing season. The oat cultivars ALBASUL, CFT 1, UPFA 22, and URS 22, which were tested under three competition conditions (absence of concurrent plants, presence of flax or of wheat as competitors) were used. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. Many morphological characteristics in oat plants were evaluated at the initial phase of their development, as well as other agronomic traits at the end of the oat cycle and of the cycle of its competitors. Oat cultivars reacted differently to the presence of concurrent plants. The UPFA 22 cultivar generally presented greater values for the morphological plant traits associated with competitive ability; whereas URS 22 showed deficiencies in traits advantageous to competition. The cultivars UPFA 22 and CFT 1 demonstrated a high potential to compete with concurrent plants. The morphological traits of oat cultivars evaluated at the beginning of their development, in general, did not sustain the competitive ability until the end of their cycles.

Suscetibilidade de cultivares de arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa) à deriva simulada do herbicida imazethapyr + imazapic

The susceptibility of rice cultivars IRGA 417, BR-IRGA 410, BRS Pelota and Qualimax 1 was evaluated using a simulated drift of the herbicide imazethapyr + imazapic as a function of timing of flooding. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions during the 2003/2004 growing season. The experimental design was arranged in randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments consisted of drift simulation by applying increasing herbicide doses at the following rates: 0%, 3.125%; 6.25%; 12.5%; 25%; 50% or 100% of the commercial dose (amended with Dash at 0.5% v/v), on rice plants at the V3 to V4 growth stages. Flooding was applied either three days prior or after treatment application. Herbicide was applied using a CO2 pressurized costal sprayer (flat fan nozzles 110.015 on the boom) at 150 L ha-1 with a constant pressure of 210 kPa. Phytotoxicity, expressed in percentage, was evaluated visually at 10, 15 and 20 days after treatment (DAT). Plant and root dry mass were evaluated at 25 DAT. Results showed that herbicide drift promoted toxic effects to rice plant under both dry and flooding conditions. Plant dry mass was significantly reduced with increasing herbicide dosage, regardless of timing of flooding. Cultivar IRGA 417 was the most sensitive to imazethapyr + imazapic simulated drift.

Differential susceptibility of biotypes of conyza sumatrensis to Chlorimuron-ethyl herbicide

6 ABSTRACT - Horseweed (Conyza spp.) is an annual weed, infesting soybean crops in southern Brazil, with chlorimuron-ethyl being one of the most commonly used herbicides for its control. However, in recent soybean harvests, an unsatisfactory control of this weed using this herbicide was observed, generating suspicion regarding the selection of resistant biotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of horseweed biotypes to the herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse; in the first one, the biotypes were selected selected, and the second experiment was arranged in a 5 x 5 factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments used in the preparation of the dose response curves were doses of the herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl (0.0, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 g ha -1 ), applied on the five horseweed biotypes at the 3-4 leaf growth stage. The variables evaluated were visual control percentage and shoot dry weight, compared to the control without herbicide application, and plant acetolactate accumulation. It was concluded that there is a differential susceptibility among the biotypes at doses of less than 20 g ha -1 (dose response curves), which indicates low-level resistance. The practical consequences are the indications of chlorimuron-ethyl application at the maximum doses recomended and that the practice of rotating mechanisms of action must be used in the chemical weed management of these areas.

Respostas de cultivares de soja transgênica e controle de plantas daninhas em função de épocas de aplicação e formulações de glyphosate

This work aimed to evaluate selectivity and yield components of transgenic soybean cultivars and weed control in function of application times and glyphosate formulations. The experiment was carried out at Palma Agriculture Center (CAP/UFPel) during the 2005/2006 growing season and arranged in a randomized complete block design in split-split plots, with four replications. Roundup Ready (RR) soybean cultivars were allocated in the plots (BRS 244RR, MSOY 7979RR and NR, not registered ones); application times (20, 35 and 50 days after emergence) were allocated in the split-plots; and the glyphosate formulations (isopropylamine salt - Roundup Ready® or Roundup Transorb®, ammonium salt - Roundup WG® and potassium salt-Zapp Qi®) at the rate of 720 g a.e. ha-1 and infested ckeck were allocated in the split-split plots. The yield parameters evaluated were culture herbicide phytotoxicity, weed control, number of green beans and grains per plant, grain weight and grain yield. The herbicide glyphosate in the tested formulations was selective to the tested soybean cultivars. In general, the best weed control formulation was Roundup WG®. At the initial development of the culture, herbicide application provided better control of purslane, redroot pigweed, alexandergrass, barnyardgrass and bermudagrass. Grain yield varied among soybean cultivars but it did not differ among the glyphosate formulations, being higher when the application was accomplished at the late stages of culture development.