J. L. Shaw

Universal sentences: Russell, Wittgenstein, Prior, and the Nyāya

(1) All men are mortal. (2) Whoever is a man is mortal. (3) Wherever there is humanity, there is mortality. (4) If anyone is a man, then he is mortal. (5) If humanity is present somewhere, then mortality is also present there. (6) (If xl is a man, then xl is mortal), and (If x2 is a man, then x, is mortal), where the universe of discourse contains only two objects. (7) (If xy is man, then xx is mortal), (If X2 is man, then Xn is mortal), and (x) (If x is a man, then (x = x,) V (x =x2))