Jacob Biely

The effect of storage temperature and antioxidant treatment on the chemical and nutritive characteristics of herring meal

The effects of storage temperature and antioxidant treatment on the chemical and nutritive properties of herring meal were studied. The following observations were made:1.Low-temperature (−20°C.) storage promoted more rapid decrease in ether extractability and in iodine value of the ether extract than did storage at 25.5°C.2.Antioxidant treatment prevented the decrease both in ether extractability and iodine value of the extract.3.Binding of the lipid into a complex from which the lipid was extractable with acetone only after HC1 treatment occurred early in the storage period. After six weeks the amount of lipid in this fraction decreased, presumably as a result of further oxidation and polymerization into more refractory compounds.4.Pepsin digestibility tests showed that BHT-treated meal contained the lowest amounts of undigestible nitrogen. Meals subjected to −20°C. contained the most undigestible nitrogen.5.All meals were similar in nutritive value as protein or vitamin-B supplements in chick diets, composed of natural ingredients, even after storage for nine months. As the sole source of protein in a purified diet, the meal kept at −20°C. from time of processing promoted slower growth than the other meals.

Reticulocytosis in Response to Dietary Antioxidants

Alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 1, 2, dihydro-6-ethoxy-2, 2, 4-trimethylquinoline, and butylated hydroxytoluene increased the number of circulating reticulocytes when added to the diet of chickens. Hematocrit values were not reduced and erythrocyte life-spans were not shortened by the antioxidants. The reticulocytosis is attributed to delayed loss of reticular material from the maturing erythrocytes. components.

Respiration rate of muscle mitochondria from genetically dystrophic chickens.

Summary Pectoral muscle mitochondria were isolated from normal and genetically dystrophic year-old New Hampshire cockerels. The mitochondria from the dystrophic muscle showed an elevated rate of oxygen uptake when incubated in a medium containing Mg2+ and ATP over a 2-hr respiration period. It is suggested that accelerated loss of ATP from mitochondria in dystrophic muscle is responsible for the abnormal permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and the altered microscopic appearance.

The effect of carrier on the relative utilization of different forms of vitamin A by the chick

Abstract The relative utilization by the chick of different forms of vitamin A from different carriers has been studied. Liver storage of the vitamin following administration of large oral doses has been used as the basis for comparison. The results showed: 1. 1. Administration of vitamin A in aqueous carrier resulted in better utilization of the natural ester and of the acetate than of the alcohol. 2. 2. Administration of vitamin A in cottonseed oil resulted in better utilization of the alcohol than of the natural ester form. The amount of storage from the acetate in the oil carrier was higher than that from either the natural ester or the alcohol. 3. 3. Vitamin A analyses were conducted on the intestinal wall at different intervals after the administration of vitamin A palmitate and vitamin A alcohol in oil and aqueous carrier. The absorption curves on the intestinal contents were also made to determine the presence of unabsorbed vitamin A. It was demonstrated that the lowered utilization of vitamin A palmitate in oil carrier was not due to the destruction of vitamin A but rather to interference of the oil with the absorption of the vitamin through the intestinal mucosa.

Thyroxine-Binding by Muscle Mitochondria from Normal and Genetically Dystrophic Chickens

There are disparate observations in the literature which suggest that respiration is abnormal in genetically dystrophic muscle and that the course of the disease may be temporarily retarded by treatments which increase the availability of oxygen to the tissue or facilitate the biosynthesis of ATP by the oxidative-phosphorylation system. Mitochondria from dystrophic muscle are abnormal morphologically (1, 2). Mitochondria from dystrophic chicken muscle show an elevated rate of oxygen uptake when incubated in the presence of Mg2+ and ATP (3). A low ATP level in dystrophic muscle (4, 5) and the possibility that a low ATP:ADP ratio results in a swelling of the respiratory assembly in mitochondria (6) led to the suggestion (3) that accelerated loss of ATP from mitochondria in dystrophic muscle is responsible for the abnormal permeability of the mitochondrial membrane (7) and the altered microscopic appearance. In studies with canary and rat liver mitochondria thyroxine was found to stimulate ATPase activity (8-10), concomitantly with the induction of mitochondrial swelling. In view of the above it is interesting that administration of large doses of thyroxine to dystrophic mice improves movement (11), and that a high-oxygen environment retards the progress of muscular dystrophy in chickens (12, 13) although only temporarily (14). Treatment of dystrophic mice with coenzyme Q has also been reported to improve their condition (15, 16) and it may be significant that experimental thyrotoxicosis markedly increases the level of coenzyme Q in rat liver mitochondria (17). Evidence of mitochondrial abnormality in muscular dystrophy and the effect, albeit temporary, on the progress of the disease of treatments which appear to relate to augmentation of energy available from mitochondrial function, suggested the following experiments to determine if thyroxine-binding is normal in the mitochondria of dystrophic muscle.

Erythropoietic Response in Chickens with Inherited Muscular Dystrophy.

Summary The reticulocyte counts in birds of a genetically dystrophic strain of New Hampshire chickens are lower than in normal birds of other strains which have been examined. The reticulocyte response to blood loss was more marked in dystrophic than in normal birds. In response to short-term hypoxia the erythrocyte counts were elevated to a greater extent in dystrophic birds than in normal birds. The results indicate that there is no defect in the erythropoietic response in birds with genetic muscular dystrophy.

STUDIES OF TOTAL ERYTHROCYTE AND LEUCOCYTE COUNTS OF FOWLS: IV. ERYTHROCYTE AND LEUCOCYTE COUNTS OF BIRDS RAISED IN CONFINEMENT

Erythrocyte and leucocyte counts were made of 65 S.C White Leghorn females and 50 S.C. White Leghorn males which were raised in confinement from the age of one day until sexual maturity.The mean erythrocyte count of the males was significantly higher than the mean of the females. There was no significant difference between the mean leucocyte counts of the males and the females. The erythrocyte counts of the confined birds were significantly lower than those of normal birds kept under natural conditions and those of one- to two-day-old chicks, while the leucocyte counts were significantly higher.