Jaedson Cláudio Anunciato Mota

Qualidade física de um cambissolo sob sistemas de manejo

The Apodi Tableland is becoming known as a promising center of irrigated fruit production because of the agricultural potential of its soils. The physical properties of these soils are modified by different management types. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of an Inceptisol under papaya (Carica papaya L.) in two tillage systems, compared to the same soil type under secondary forest. Samples of disturbed and undisturbed soil were collected for analysis of texture, clay dispersed in water, bulk density, particle density, aggregate stability, organic carbon, and penetration resistance. The clay flocculation degree and organic matter content were calculated. The soil hydraulic conductivity was tested in the field. The 3 x 3 x 5 factorial scheme consisted of two soil management systems (papaya planted in furrow and ridge) and native secondary forest; three soil layers (0-0.1; 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.3 m), in five replications, except for the hydraulic conductivity, for which a factorial 3 x 2 x 5 (two soil management systems and secondary forest; two tensions - 0 and 5 hPa; five replications) was used, in a completely randomized design. The Kolmorogov-Smirnov Test was used to verify the normality of data distribution, the F Test for analysis of variance and Tukeys test for mean comparison, all at p=0.05. It was concluded that: a) the hypothesis that the tillage systems worsen the physical soil quality was refuted, indicating that the quality of the cultivated soil was generally maintained or improved in relation to the status of the native soil; b) the decrease of the organic matter content, percentage of stable aggregates (diameter class 4.76-2.00 mm) and the mean weighted diameter in cultivated soil, although still far from critical limits, indicate the need for management practices that avoid soil degradation; c) the soil quality indices were sensitive to changes caused by soil management systems and can therefore be used as a basis of interpretation of the dynamics of soil physical processes in time.

Genesis of cohesive soil horizons from north-east Brazil: role of argilluviation and sorting of sand

Cohesive horizons are widespread along the Brazilian coastal tablelands and, despite their importance to soil managementunder intensive cultivation, theirgenesis remains,in manyaspects, controversial. Studiesdiverge and indicate the participation of different mechanisms in the formation of these soil horizons. Although clay illuviation has been considered as one of the processes determining the formation of this soil attribute, recent studies suggest a limited participation of this soil process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relative contribution of argilluviation and sorting of sand to the genesis of cohesive horizons in an Ultisol toposequence from a toposequence from north-east Brazil. Soil samples were collected from cohesive and non-cohesive horizons from four soil profiles. We determined bulk soil density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), particle size distribution and the percentage of different sand fractions. The sand fractionation data were treated statistically to obtain different grain size parameters, such as mean grain size, sorting and kurtosis. An additional micromorphological study was performed on cohesive and non-cohesive horizons. The lowest BD and PR were recorded in non-cohesive horizons (1.53Mgm -3 and 0.74MPa, respectively), whereas significantly higher values of BD (1.66-1.80Mgm -3 ) and PR (2.61-7.71MPa) were observed in cohesive horizons. Thin sections of cohesive soil horizons showed a significant reduction in void sizes and interconnecting pores compared with non-cohesive soil horizons. The higher values of BD and PR observed in the cohesive horizons are apparently related to this poorly interconnected void network. Textural pedofeatures observable with optical microscopy, which indicate argilluviation, were only found in one cohesive horizon. Sand fractionation showed a predominance of medium and fine sand fractions and indicated the dominance of poorly selected sand in cohesive horizons, probably causing the higher BD and PR values. However, the presence of textural pedofeatures (clay coatings) in one of the cohesive horizons studied may indicate a combined contribution of sand heterogeneity and argilluviation in the genesis of these horizons. Overall, the results of the present study showed that subtle variations in the distribution of basic soil components (i.e. particle size fractions) may determine the formation of cohesive horizons and thus must be taken into account in future studies aiming to predict their spatial distribution and to establish more efficient management strategies.

Physical quality of an oxisol under different uses

The use of a soil induces changes in the physical properties according to the management, tillage intensity and type of crop. The objective of this work was to measure the alterations of some of the soil physical properties and evaluate the physical quality by the S index, an indicator proposed by Dexter (2004), comparing the land uses: eucalyptus plantations at different ages, grazing pasture, annual crops, and an area of preserved secondary vegetation with an area of preserved native forest (National Forest Araripe - NFA) as control. The study was carried out on an Oxisol on the Fazenda Redencao, in Jardim, State of Ceara, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replications in the layers 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m. The soil was analyzed for the following physical properties: bulk density, particle density, total pore volume, micro and macroporosity, soil water retention curves and water availability. Based on the S index, the hypothesis that the use of a soil deteriorates the physical quality was accepted. Clearly, native forest (NFA) was the land use with the best conditions in all physical properties studied, followed closely by the area reforested with 20 year-old eucalyptus. The use as grazing pasture affected the soil physical conditions most, especially in the surface layer (0-0.1 m), as evidenced by increased bulk density and a substantial reduction in soil porosity, mainly in macroporosity. Microporosity was not influenced by any of the uses and in any layer studied.

Rede de poros de um Cambissolo sob diferentes usos e índice S relativizado como indicador da qualidade física do solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate soil porous media quality under different uses, as well as to propose a new index to monitor changes in its structure due to management: the Srelative index. An Inceptisol under irrigated banana cultivation and secondary forest, in the Brazilian Apodi Plateau, was evaluated at three soil layers (0.0–0.1, 0.1–0.2, and 0.2–0.3 m) as to: particle size, particle and bulk density, organic matter content, intrinsic permeability to air, and water retention curve. Total porosity, index for pore continuity (defined by the ratio between soil intrinsic permeability to air and aeration porosity), volume of blocked pores, and the S and Srelative indices were determined. The Srelative index was calculated as the ratio between S-index values from undisturbed and disturbed samples of the same soil (Sundisturbed/Sdisturbed). Under the studied conditions, the Srelative index is a good quantifier of the changes imposed by soil use and management. Soil cultivation maintains or improves the quality of the evaluated attributes, except for blocked porosity, when compared with the soil under native secondary forest with ten years of regeneration after agricultural use.

FUNÇÃO DE RESPOSTA PARA O ÍNDICE SRELATIVO EM CAMBISSOLO TRATADO COM E SEM BIOFERTILIZANTE LÍQUIDO BOVINO

The present study aimed at assessing the influence of physical properties associated with soil structure on the Srelative index. Two soil conditions under Ficus carica L. cultivation were studied (with or without liquid bovine biofertilizer in the irrigation water), in the 0-0.1 m and 0-0.3 m layers. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from the above-mentioned layers and physical analyzes, pertinent to the study objective, were performed. The response function model was applied to verify how the soil independent physical variables influence on the Srelative index in the 0-0.1 m and 0-0.3 m layers, with 0 and 60% biofertilizer, being combined two to two. Once the response functions were known, the slopes of both functions were compared, being represented by the coefficients β11-β12 and β21-β22. This comparison enabled verifying whether there was an effect of the treatments on the response variable. In addition, the standard error of the difference between coefficients was calculated, and the Students t-test applied. The method of multiple regression was also used to confirm the effect of the variables on the Srelative index for the 0-0.3 m layer in both treatments. Then, the variables with greater weight were selected by a backward elimination method to estimate the Srelative. The results showed that the Srelative index is strongly influenced by properties of the porous fraction, with total porosity and continuity of pores being of significant influence. Management with liquid bovine biofertilizer results in improvement in the soil structure, with effects measured by the Srelative index.

EFEITO DA RESSATURAÇÃO DA AMOSTRA SOBRE A CURVA CARACTERÍSTICA DE ÁGUA NO SOLO

Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important tool for water management in irrigated agriculture. However, factors such as texture and structure of soils influence SWCC behavior. According to the literature, wetting and drying cycles alter SWCC. A similar process of re-saturation and drying occurs during SWCC obtainment under laboratory conditions. Based on the hypothesis that re-saturation process alters SWCC due to clay loss in the sample, this study aimed to obtain the SWCC, S index, and pore size distribution from samples submitted to re-saturation cycles, as well as from not re-saturated samples but under higher matric potentials (−2, −4, −6, −8, and −10 kPa). For this, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, collected from the A (sandy texture) and Btg (sandy clay loam texture) horizons of a Argissolo Acizentado, were used. After obtaining SWCC, each air-dried soil sample was submitted to particle size and clay dispersed in water analyses to verify whether the soil lost clay. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with two methods of SWCC constructing (with and without re-saturation) and eight replications. The re-saturation process generates a loss of clay in the sample, not causing significant changes in SWCC considering the assessed textural soil classes. In addition, sandy soil samples are more sensitive to changes in pore size distribution when submitted to re-saturation.

Variação diurno-noturna do potencial mátrico e gradiente de potencial total da água no solo

As the water matric potential is the most important component of the water total potential in unsaturated soils, it must be measured accurately. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil temperature on water matric potential and water total potential gradient over the period of water redistribution in a Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Oxisol/Hapludox) located in the municipality of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. In a circular plot of 3 m diameter, 10 tensiometers with pressure transducers (model SWT3 from Delta-T Devices) were set up at depths of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55 m in order to determine water matric potential, Φm, at those depths and to calculate the water total potential gradient, (ΔΦm/Δz)+1, at the depth of 0.25 m with Δz of 0.10; 0.20 and 0.30 m (using tensiometers set up at 0.20 and 0.30; 0.15 and 0.35, and 0.10 and 0.40 m for ΔΦm, respectively). In the same plot, thermocouples (type T) were set up at the soil surface and at the depths of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.075 m. Tensiometer and thermocouple readings were made simultaneously and stored in a Datalogger (model DL2, Delta-T Devices). Measured values of soil water matric potential exhibit fluctuations throughout the day and differential effects for tensiometers at different depths, also causing fluctuations in the soil water total potential gradient. The best time period for performing tensiometer readings is in the first seven hours of the day or after 6 pm.