Ricardo Espíndola Romero

Iron and sulfur geochemistry in semi-arid mangrove soils (Ceará, Brazil) in relation to seasonal changes and shrimp farming effluents

Iron and sulfur are key elements in the biogeochemistry of estuarine soils, in which Fe and sulfate reduction (SR) pathways are important for organic matter decomposition. In the semi-arid coast of NE Brazil, mangroves are characterized by large seasonal variations in weather and the presence of numerous shrimp farms. The objective was to determine the impacts of shrimp farm effluents on iron and sulfur geochemistry in mangrove soils under the semi-arid climate of NE Brazil. A seasonal study was made of two mangrove forest soils (SF, a mangrove forest that directly receives wastewater from shrimp ponds and CS, a control site). Pyrite Fe, oxyhydroxides Fe, acid volatile sulfide, degree of pyritization (DOP), pH, Eh, total organic carbon (TOC) and total S were determined. There was a clear decrease in pyritic Fe and DOP in the SF soils, which may be related to the anaerobic oxidation of pyrite coupled with nitrate reduction, or to the dominance of denitrification over SR. Lower TOC contents in the SF site suggest that below ground decomposition increased in response to eutrophication. The seasonal variations led to important changes in the semi-arid mangrove soils. During the dry period, both soils experienced oxidizing conditions with remarkable loss of reduced and oxidized forms of Fe, which may have important environmental implications as Fe is biolimiting for marine primary production. The data show that both factors (seasonal weather variations and shrimp effluents) play important roles in the geochemical processes that occur in these soils and, thus, may affect their functioning and maintenance.

Identificação e caracterização de solos coesos no Estado do Ceará

Given the importance of cohesive soils derived from sediments of the Barreiras Formation, and the extensive area occupied by them in northeastern Brazil, the objective of this study was to identify and characterize the occurrence of cohesive soils in Coastal Plains of Ceara State. Three soil profiles were studied: two cohesive Argisols and one non-cohesive Argisol. Their morphological characteristics and physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties were assessed to confirm the presence of cohesive horizons. The results validated the hypothesis of occurrence of cohesive soils in Ceara State and the similarities of these with cohesive soils studied in other Brazilian states. The PR was the most sensitive indicator of soil cohesiveness.

Mineralogia e cristalografia da fração argila de horizontes coesos de solos nos tabuleiros costeiros

The cohesion of hardsetting horizons of Brazilian soils has been mainly associated to inter-related physical and chemical factors, but an influence of mineralogical and crystallographic properties of clay minerals was also suggested by some researchers. In this study we tested the possibility that clay fraction of hardsetting horizons of soils from the Barreiras sediments of Coastal Tablelands are predominantly kaolinitic and highly crystalline and organized, which can favor a face-to-face arrangement of the crystals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the crystallographic and mineralogical characteristics of clay minerals in hardsetting soil horizons from the sediment group Barreiras and their contribution to the hardsetting character. One non-hardsetting and five hardsetting horizons were studied along the coastal tableland. A kaolinite sample with high crystallinity degree was also included as reference. All profiles were analyzed for taxonomic classification and location of the horizons of interest. Organic matter and oxides were removed from the samples of the selected horizons. After soil dispersion, the clay fraction was individualized, treated and examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the minerals and structure degree of order/disorder, according to the method described by Plancon & Zacarie (1990). The degree of structural organization of the kaolinites of the hardsetting and non-hardsetting horizons was similar to and lower than the kaolinite used as reference. Results indicated that the hardsetting behavior of the studied soils could not be explained by clay packaging.

Atributos mineralógicos de três solos explorados com a cultura do melão na Chapada do Apodi: RN

The present study aimed at characterizing the main soil types under melon crop in the Apodi Tableland, state of Rio Grande do Norte. This investigation focused on the mineralogical soil features as an attempt to generate information for adequate soil and crop management. Three soil types were selected: Typic Haplocambids, Typic Eutrotorrox and Arenic Kandiustults. The mineralogy of sand, silt and clay fractions was evaluated through X ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscopy in complementary, undisturbed samples. The mineralogical composition was similar in the studied profiles; quartz prevailed in the sand and silt fractions, while the clay fraction consisted predominantly of kaolinite. Profile 1 (CXve), compared with the other two profiles, was the least developed according to the pedogenetic scale. The degree of profile development was almost the same in the profiles 2 (LVAe) and 3 (PVd), although profile 2 was slightly more developed. The fact that profile 1 (CXve) showed chemical properties of a very young soil in contrast with the mineralogy of a well developed soil, demonstrates an incoherence between the two soil attributes and the stage of soil development. Considering the semi-arid conditions of the sites from where the soil samples were collected, the predominance of kaolinite in the clay fraction suggestes that the soils had been formed under climatic conditions distinct than the present. Former conditions were probably more humid, or the soils developed from pre-weathered parent material.

Microrrelevo e a distribuição de frações granulométricas em Cambissolos de origem calcária

A Chapada do Apodi caracteriza-se como importante polo agricola no estado do Ceara. Apesar da homogeneidade de clima, relevo e material de origem, seus solos apresentam grande variabilidade de atributos, muitas vezes em pequenas escalas espaciais, indicando a necessidade de manejos distintos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influencia do microrrelevo na variabilidade espacial das diferentes fracoes granulometricas dos solos da Chapada do Apodi. Para isso, foi realizado levantamento planialtimetrico em uma area de 102 ha, seguido de tradagens para coleta das amostras de solo e determinacao da profundidade efetiva. As amostras foram submetidas a analise granulometrica e os dados foram tratados por meio da estatistica descritiva e da geoestatistica, utilizando-se semivariogramas e mapas de krigagem. Com base nas formas de microrelevo, o local de estudo foi compartimentado em 03 superficies distintas (concava, convexa e retilinea). Por meio dos resultados foi identificada clara influencia do microrrelevo na distribuicao das fracoes granulometricas. Maiores teores de argila e maiores profundidades de solos foram encontrados na superficie concava. Estes resultados sao indicativos de maior acao da pedogenese nos solos desta porcao do terreno em resposta a existencia de fluxos hidricos convergentes. A ocorrencia de maiores teores de areia e solos mais rasos na superficie convexa e mais elevada indica menor acao da pedogenese e maior intensidade do processo de erosao seletiva. O uso da geoestatistica contribuiu para a identificacao de areas com necessidades diferenciadas de manejo, servindo como importante ferramenta para a tomada de decisoes, especialmente relacionadas a irrigacao.

Contribuição de material amorfo na gênese de horizontes coesos em Argissolos dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Ceará

The coastal plains, in the North, Northeast and Southeast Brazil, soils with cohesive layer are common, and can cause physical impediment to root and water. However, the genesis of these horizons is still unknown. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of amorphous materials on the cohesion processes with cohesive layers from a toposequence in Trairi - CE. Four soil profiles were described and characterized (physically and chemically). Three soils present cohesive layers (P2, P3 and P4) and one (P1) did not. To evaluate the effect of amorphous material in the cohesion, samples of Bt1 horizons were subjected to two treatments: with and without extraction of amorphous material. Samples (with and without extraction) were subjected to three cycles of wetting and drying and then the penetration resistance (PR) was determined. Based on the chemical and physical analysis, the soils were classified as Ultisols. The highest expression of the cohesive character was found in P4, located in the lowest position of the landscape, suggesting the influence of relief on the intensification of the cohesion. Despite the low clay content and the loosening of the soil, a high PR was achieved after only a few cycles of wetting and drying. After extraction of amorphous material, the cohesive horizons of profiles P2 and P4 showed a significant reduction of PR, indicating that these compounds act in the genesis of cohesive layers.

Soil genesis on hypersaline tidal flats (apicum ecosystem) in a tropical semi-arid estuary (Ceará, Brazil)

Wetland soils, especially those under a semi-arid climate, are among the least studied soils in the tropics. The hypersaline tidal flats on the north-eastern Brazilian coast, locally named apicum, are coastal wetland ecosystems in the peripheral portions of semi-arid estuaries. Despite their great ecological importance, they have been highly impacted by anthropogenic activities. Morphological and analytical data of six soil profiles, representative of the different coastal compartments (mangroves, apicum and coastal tablelands) of the north-eastern Brazilian coast, were examined to better understand the pedogenesis of apicum soils. The hypersaline tidal flat soils were classified as Typic Fluvaquents and Typic Sulfaquents with the following main characteristics: predominance of sand fraction (62-77%); presence of high-activity clays (>24cmolckg -1 clay); clay fraction comprising kaolinite, illite, smectite and an interstratified smectite/illite; exchangeable complex dominated by Na + (ESP � 15%); elevated levels of salinity (electrical conductivity, EC 25-44dSm -1 ); alkaline pH values (7.5-9.5). The sandy texture and quartz-dominated composition of the hypersaline, tidal flat soils indicate a pedogenesis associated with the superficial addition of mineral material. This upbuilding process would have lowered the watertable (relatively to the ground level) and decreased the flooding frequency by the tides, favouring salinisation and solonisation processes at the hypersaline tidal flats. Furthermore, the still-existing hydromorphism would have promoted the maintenance of gleisation and sulfidisation. The presence of pyrite on the hyper-saline tidal flat soils further corroborates the formation of apicum soils from/over buried mangroves.

Variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo, associada ao microrrelevo

The variability of soil chemical attributes is influenced by complex interactions between factors and processes of soil formation. This study hypothesized that soil chemical attribute varies with microrelief to change management recommendations for agricultural use. The relief was separated in compartments and surfaces were studied with the objective to determine the soil chemical properties and to evaluate the spatial dependence of these attributes. Sampling grid was established in an area of ​​102 ha at Agricultural Farm Famosa localized in Plateau of Apodi, CE. The soil was derived from limestone and was collected at 92 points spaced at 200 by 100 m and in 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths. With the topographic data a terrain modeling was generated and based on the identified microrelief, the study site was divided into surfaces. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and spatial variability analysis, with the semivariograms adjustments and kriging maps. Soil chemical attributes showed spatial variability at the convex, concave and rectilinear microrelief, being intensified by water flow at the depths.

Profundidade do solo e micro-relevo em bananais irrigados: impactos na nutrição mineral e potencial produtivo

The aim of this research was to verify whether soil depth affects aspects of mineral nutrition and yield potential of irrigated banana plantations. The study was carried out at Apodi Plateau (CE), Brazil, in an area characterized by soil depth variations. The treatments were sites in different microrelief classes (concave, convex and retilinea) with four different soil depths: A) 0.92 m; B) 0.77 m; C) 0.6 5m; D) 0.52 m. The following measures were done: high of mother plant (APM), high of daughter plant (APF), pseudosterm diameter of mother plant (DPPM), weight of fresh (MFF) and dry leaves (MFS), contents of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulphur (S) and sodium (Na) in plant tissue and bunch weight. Data were submitted to ANOVA and to least significant differences (LSD) with 5% of significance. APM and DPPM were higher in A and C, while the lower values were found in the shallow soil (D). Values of MFF and MFS were higher in both sites A and D that also presented larger amount of nutrients in plant leaves. However, higher amount and adequate levels of P in plant leaves were observed in the site A, on which plants presented higher bunch weigth. It showed that effective soil depth and soil microrelief have influence in nutrients uptake, plants growth, and productive potential of banana plants irrigated at Apodi Plateau.

Genesis of cohesive soil horizons from north-east Brazil: role of argilluviation and sorting of sand

Cohesive horizons are widespread along the Brazilian coastal tablelands and, despite their importance to soil managementunder intensive cultivation, theirgenesis remains,in manyaspects, controversial. Studiesdiverge and indicate the participation of different mechanisms in the formation of these soil horizons. Although clay illuviation has been considered as one of the processes determining the formation of this soil attribute, recent studies suggest a limited participation of this soil process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relative contribution of argilluviation and sorting of sand to the genesis of cohesive horizons in an Ultisol toposequence from a toposequence from north-east Brazil. Soil samples were collected from cohesive and non-cohesive horizons from four soil profiles. We determined bulk soil density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), particle size distribution and the percentage of different sand fractions. The sand fractionation data were treated statistically to obtain different grain size parameters, such as mean grain size, sorting and kurtosis. An additional micromorphological study was performed on cohesive and non-cohesive horizons. The lowest BD and PR were recorded in non-cohesive horizons (1.53Mgm -3 and 0.74MPa, respectively), whereas significantly higher values of BD (1.66-1.80Mgm -3 ) and PR (2.61-7.71MPa) were observed in cohesive horizons. Thin sections of cohesive soil horizons showed a significant reduction in void sizes and interconnecting pores compared with non-cohesive soil horizons. The higher values of BD and PR observed in the cohesive horizons are apparently related to this poorly interconnected void network. Textural pedofeatures observable with optical microscopy, which indicate argilluviation, were only found in one cohesive horizon. Sand fractionation showed a predominance of medium and fine sand fractions and indicated the dominance of poorly selected sand in cohesive horizons, probably causing the higher BD and PR values. However, the presence of textural pedofeatures (clay coatings) in one of the cohesive horizons studied may indicate a combined contribution of sand heterogeneity and argilluviation in the genesis of these horizons. Overall, the results of the present study showed that subtle variations in the distribution of basic soil components (i.e. particle size fractions) may determine the formation of cohesive horizons and thus must be taken into account in future studies aiming to predict their spatial distribution and to establish more efficient management strategies.