Jaime Eduardo Parra Suescún

Phylogenetic analysis of Hepatitis E virus strains isolated from slaughter-age pigs in Colombia

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus that causes acute hepatitis in humans, and can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Pigs are considered to be a reservoir for this infection-mainly where the disease is not endemic. In a previous study conducted in Antioquia, which is a region in Colombia where the production and consumption of pork meat is higher than in the rest of the country, the presence of anti-HEV IgG-type antibodies was reported in slaughter-age pigs. Aiming to identify the HEV genotype circulating in swine, animal liver, and feces samples from five swine cattle slaughterhouses located in six different sub-regions of Antioquia were collected. A nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) was used in order to amplify the HEV ORF-1 (170bp) and ORF-2 (348, and 958bp). The amplicons yielded in this study were sequenced, and a molecular phylogeny analysis based on the maximum likelihood method, including HEV sequences reported in several countries, was performed. Phylogeny analysis revealed that HEV amplification fragments from Antioquias pigs were grouped in three clades within the sub-genotype 3a without a specific geographical structure, and were also genetically related to Japanese and American HEV sequences. This analysis provides the first approach on the genetic diversity and circulation dynamics of HEV in Colombian herds.

La inclusión de aceite esencial de orégano (lippia origanoides) mejora parámetros inmunológicos en pollos de engorde

Food for feeding broilers with addition of antibiotics as growth promoters acting. Currently this is prohibited because they can transmit microbial resistance to antibiotics used in human medicine. Alternatively, the use of aromatic plant extracts, “essential oils” is proposed. To evaluate the functionality of the essential oil of oregano (AEO) (Lippia origanoides) on immunological parameters in broilers. We experimented with 200 male broilers of Avian Cobb500 line. blood samplings on 14, 28 and 42 of life. The animals were randomized to one of five diets: Commercial diet with and without antibiotic; the latter was added AEO levels (75 ppm, 100 ppm or 200 ppm). Statistical randomized block design in divided plots arrangement. Significant increase (P <0,05) in immune cell populations, significant increase (P <0,05) of post-vaccine antibodies to Newcastle and significant (P <0,05) of intestinal pH in animals fed diet with greater inclusion of AEO (200ppm) compared to the diet with antibiotic. The addition of 200 ppm of AEO stimulated immune system of birds, showing that AEO can be projected as growth promoter with immunological benefits in broilers.

Efecto de la adición de cepas probióticas sobre metabolitos sanguíneos en cerdos en crecimiento

RESUMEN El destete es la fase mas critica del cerdo, produciendo trastornos intestinales y diarreas. Para prevenirlo, se han utilizado antibioticos promotores de crecimiento (APC), generando residuos medicamentosos en el producto final. Como alterna-tiva, se utilizan bacterias probioticas que favorecen la sintesis proteica y el meta-bolismo lipidico. El objetivo fue identificar cambios en metabolitos plasmaticos en cerdos posdestete que consumieron diferentes cepas probioticas. 80 lechones (destetados a 21 dias) consumieron dos dietas: dieta comercial con y sin la adi-cion de antibiotico (con adicion de probioticos L. casei, L. acidophilus o E. fae-cium) en el agua. Se tomaron muestras sanguineas (dias 15, 30 y 45 posdestete) para determinar cambios plasmaticos de metabolitos. Se observo un aumento (P<0,05) en niveles plasmaticos de Calcio, Fosforo, glucosa y Fosfatasa alcali-na; ademas, disminuyeron los niveles de Creatinina, trigliceridos y ALT (alanino-transferasa) en animales que consumieron E. faecium, comparandolos con los que consumieron antibiotico. Los probioticos (especialmente E. faecium), pueden ser considerados como una alternativa al uso de APC en dietas de cerdos, pues mejoran el estado de organos digestivos y actuan como promotores naturales del^les^aEl destete es la fase mas critica del cerdo, produciendo trastornos intestinales y diarreas. Para prevenirlo, se han utilizado antibioticos promotores de crecimiento (APC), generando residuos medicamentosos en el producto final. Como alternativa, se utilizan bacterias probioticas que favorecen la sintesis proteica y el metabolismo lipidico. El objetivo fue identificar cambios en metabolitos plasmaticos en cerdos posdestete que consumieron diferentes cepas probioticas. 80 lechones (destetados a 21 dias) consumieron dos dietas: dieta comercial con y sin la adicion de antibiotico (con adicion de probioticos L. casei, L. acidophilus o E. faecium) en el agua. Se tomaron muestras sanguineas (dias 15, 30 y 45 posdestete) para determinar cambios plasmaticos de metabolitos. Se observo un aumento (P<0,05) en niveles plasmaticos de Calcio, Fosforo, glucosa y Fosfatasa alcalina; ademas, disminuyeron los niveles de Creatinina, trigliceridos y ALT (alanino-transferasa) en animales que consumieron E. faecium, comparandolos con los que consumieron antibiotico. Los probioticos (especialmente E. faecium), pueden ser considerados como una alternativa al uso de APC en dietas de cerdos, pues mejoran el estado de organos digestivos y actuan como promotores naturales del crecimiento ya que mejoran el estado metabolico del animal con cambios positivos en los niveles sanguineos de Calcio, Fosforo y Glucosa.^len^aWeaning is the most critical phase of the pig, causing intestinal disorders and diarrhea. To prevent this, have been used antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), generating medicine residues in the final product. Alternatively, bacteria that promote protein synthesis and lipid metabolism have been used probiotic. The aim was to identify changes in plasma metabolites in weaning pigs fed different probiotic strains. 80 piglets (weaned at 21 days) consumed two diets: Commercial diet with and without the addition of antibiotic (with added probiotic L. casei, L. acidophilus or E. faecium) in water. Blood samples were taken (15, 30 and 45 post-weaning) to determine plasma metabolite changes. An increase (P<0,05) in plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and glucose was observed; also decreased levels of creatinine, triglycerides and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) in animals fed E. faecium, compared with those who consumed antibiotic. Probiotics (particularly E. faecium), can be considered as an alternative to the use of AGP in pig diets, by improving the state of digestive organs and act as natural growth promoters because they improve the metabolic state of the animal with positive changes in blood levels of calcium, phosphorus and glucose.^lpt^aO desmame e a fase mais critica do porco, causando disturbios intestinais e diarreia. Para evitar isso, foram utilizados antibioticos promotores de crescimento (APC), gerando residuos de medicamentos no produto final. Alternativamente, as bacterias probioticas que promovem a sintese de proteinas e do metabolismo de lipidos sao usados. O objetivo foi identificar mudancas nos metabolitos plasmaticos em leito:es desmamados alimentados com diferentes cepas probioticas. 80 leito:es (desmamados aos 21 dias) consumiram duas dietas: dieta comercial, com e sem a adicao de antibioticos (com adicao de L. casei, L. acidophilus ou E. faecium) em agua. As amostras de sangue (15, 30 e 45 pos-desmame) foram utilizados para determinar as alteraco:es de metabolitos no plasma. Foi observado um aumento (P<0,05) dos niveis plasmaticos de calcio, fosforo, fosfatase alcalina e glicose; tambem diminuicao dos niveis de creatinina, triglicerideos e ALT (alanina-aminotransferase) em animais alimentados com E. faecium, em comparacao com aqueles que consumiram antibiotico. Os probioticos, particularmente (E. faecium), pode ser considerada como uma alternativa para a utilizacao de APC em dietas para suinos, por melhoria do estado dos orgaos digestivos, actuam como factores de crescimento natural, e melhorar o estado metabolico do animal com alteraco:es positivas na niveis sanguineos de calcio, fosforo e glicose.Weaning is the most critical phase of the pig, causing intestinal disorders and diarrhea. To prevent this, have been used antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), generating medicine residues in the final product. Alternatively, bacteria that promote protein synthesis and lipid metabolism have been used probiotic. The aim was to identify changes in plasma metabolites in weaning pigs fed different probiotic strains. 80 piglets (weaned at 21 days) consumed two diets: Commercial diet with and without the addition of antibiotic (with added probiotic L. casei, L. acidophilus or E. faecium) in water. Blood samples were taken (15, 30 and 45 post-weaning) to determine plasma metabolite changes. An increase (P<0,05) in plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and glucose was observed; also decreased levels of creatinine, triglycerides and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) in animals fed E. faecium, compared with those who consumed antibiotic. Probiotics (particularly E. faecium), can be considered as an alternative to the use of AGP in pig diets, by improving the state of digestive organs and act as natural growth promoters because they improve the metabolic state of the animal with positive changes in blood levels of calcium, phosphorus and glucose.Weaning is the most critical phase of the pig, causing intestinal disorders and diarrhea. To PREVENT this, HAVE been used antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), generating medicine residues in the final product. ALTERNATIVELY, bacteria that promote protein synthesis and lipid metabolism HAVE been used probiotic. The aim was to identify changes in plasma metabolites in weaning pigs fed different probiotic strains. 80 piglets (weaned at 21 days) consumed two diets: Commercial diet with and without the addition of antibiotic (with added probiotic L. casei, L. acidophilus or E. faecium) in water. Blood samples were taken (15, 30 and 45 post-weaning) to determine plasma metabolite changes. An increase (P<0,05) in plasma LEVELS of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and glucose was obserVED; also decreased LEVELS of creatinine, triglycerides and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) in animals fed E. faecium, compared with those who consumed antibiotic. Probiotics (particularly E. faecium), can be considered as an ALTERNATIVE to the use of AGP in pig diets, by IMPROVING the state of DIGESTIVE organs and act as natural growth promoters because they IMPROVE the metabolic state of the animal with POSITIVE changes in blood LEVELS of calcium, phosphorus and glucose.

Fosfatasa alcalina intestinal: una enzima con propiedades antiinflamatorias

Resumen Una de las principales funciones de la Fosfatasa Alcalina Intestinal (FAI) es la detoxificacion de los lipopolisacaridos (LPS) bacterianos para controlar la inflamacion intestinal. Recientes publicaciones indican que FAI participa en la detoxificacion de otros compuestos bacterianos (flagelina y motivos CpG de DNA) y de muchos nucleotidos libres (ATP, UDP). FAI esta involucrada de manera directa en la recuperacion tisular de la inflamacion por la Resolvina E1. La accion antiinflamatoria de FAI mejora indirectamente la funcion de la barrera intestinal e impacta la diversidad y la composicion de la microbiota. Diversas enfermedades intestinales, incluyendo enterocolitis necrotica, enfermedad celiaca y la inflamacion cronica intestinal (o inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) estan relacionadas con disminuciones en la expresion y actividad de FAI. Por otro lado, una elevada actividad de FAI en colon es sinonimo de procesos inflamatorios, debido a la elevada concentracion de la isoforma tisular de Fosfatasa Alcalina no especifica (FANE), y a la infiltracion tisular por los neutrofilos (que tambien contienen FANE). En algunos ensayos en humanos se ha observado que la administracion exogena de FAI reduce la inflamacion intestinal/sistemica (dependiendo de la via de administracion). En conclusion, la homeostasis intestinal y la preservacion de la salud dependen en gran medida de la capacidad de FAI para detoxificar los LPS y suprimir la inflamacion metabolica inducida por estos. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar investigaciones a fondo sobre como los habitos alimenticios pueden modificar la detoxificacion de los diferentes compuestos proinflamatorios bacterianos y maximizar la actividad de FAI