Jakob Dogan

Biophysical characterization of ZSPA-1—A phage-display selected binder to protein A

Affibodies are a novel class of binding proteins selected from phagemid libraries of the Z domain from staphylococcal protein A. The ZSPA‐1 affibody was selected as a binder to protein A, and it binds the parental Z domain with micromolar affinity. In earlier work we determined the structure of the Z:ZSPA‐1 complex and noted that ZSPA‐1 in the free state exhibits several properties characteristic of a molten globule. Here we present a more detailed biophysical investigation of ZSPA‐1 and four ZSPA‐1 mutants with the objective to understand these properties. The characterization includes thermal and chemical denaturation profiles, ANS binding assays, size exclusion chromatography, isothermal titration calorimetry, and an investigation of structure and dynamics by NMR. The NMR characterization of ZSPA‐1 was facilitated by the finding that trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) stabilizes the molten globule conformation in favor of the fully unfolded state. All data taken together lead us to conclude the following: (1) The topology of the molten globule conformation of free ZSPA‐1 is similar to that of the fully folded structure in the Z‐bound state; (2) the extensive mutations in helices 1 and 2 destabilize these without affecting the intrinsic stability of helix 3; (3) stabilization and reduced aggregation can be achieved by replacing mutated residues in ZSPA‐1 with the corresponding wild‐type Z residues. This stabilization is better correlated to changes in helix propensity than to an expected increase in polar versus nonpolar surface area of the fully folded state.