James R. Percival

Anisotropic Mesh Adaptivity and Control Volume Finite Element Methods for Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media

Numerical simulation of multiphase flow in porous media is of great importance in a wide range of applications in science and engineering. The governing equations are the continuity equation and Darcy’s law. A novel control volume finite element (CVFE) approach is developed to discretize the governing equations in which a node-centered control volume approach is applied for the saturation equation, while a CVFE method is used for discretization of the pressure equation. We embed the discrete continuity equation into the pressure equation and ensure that the continuity equation is exactly enforced. Furthermore, the scheme is equipped with dynamic anisotropic mesh adaptivity which uses a metric tensor field approach, based on the curvature of fields of interest, to control the size and shape of elements in the metric space. This improves the resolution of the mesh in the zones of dynamic interest. Moreover, the mesh adaptivity algorithm employs multi-constraints on element size in different regions of the porous medium to resolve multi-scale transport phenomena. The advantages of mesh adaptivity and the capability of the scheme are demonstrated for simulation of flow in several challenging computational domains. The scheme captures the key features of flow while preserving the initial geometry and can be applied for efficient simulation of flow in heterogeneous porous media and geological formations.

Reservoir Modeling for Flow Simulation Using Surfaces, Adaptive Unstructured Meshes, and Control-Volume-Finite-Element Methods

We present new approaches to reservoir modeling and flow simulation that dispose of the pillar-grid concept that has persisted since reservoir simulation began. This results in significant improvements to the representation of multi-scale geological heterogeneity and the prediction of flow through that heterogeneity. The research builds on 20+ years of development of innovative numerical methods in geophysical fluid mechanics, refined and modified to deal with the unique challenges associated with reservoir simulation. Geological heterogeneities, whether structural, stratigraphic, sedimentologic or diagenetic in origin, are represented as discrete volumes bounded by surfaces, without reference to a pre-defined grid. Petrophysical properties are uniform within the geologically-defined rock volumes, rather than within grid-cells. The resulting model is discretized for flow simulation using an unstructured, tetrahedral mesh that honors the architecture of the surfaces. This approach allows heterogeneity over multiple length-scales to be explicitly captured using fewer cells than conventional corner-point or unstructured grids. Multiphase flow is simulated using a novel mixed finite element formulation centered on a new family of tetrahedral element types, PN(DG)-PN+1, which has a discontinuous N-order polynomial representation for velocity and a continuous (order N+1) representation for pressure. This method exactly represents Darcy force balances on unstructured meshes and thus accurately calculates pressure, velocity and saturation fields throughout the domain. Computational costs are reduced through (i) automatic mesh adaptivity in time and space and (ii) efficient parallelization. Within each rock volume, the mesh coarsens and refines to capture key flow processes, whilst preserving the surface-based representation of geological heterogeneity. Computational effort is thus focused on regions of the model where it is most required. Having validated the approach against a set of benchmark problems, we demonstrate its capabilities using a number of test models which capture aspects of geological heterogeneity that are difficult or impossible to simulate conventionally, without introducing unacceptably large numbers of cells or highly non-orthogonal grids with associated numerical errors. Our approach preserves key flow features associated with realistic geological features that are typically lost. The approach may also be used to capture near wellbore flow features such as coning, changes in surface geometry across multiple stochastic realizations and, in future applications, geomechanical models with fracture propagation, opening and closing. Introduction Reservoir modelling and flow simulation have become ubiquitous in the hydrocarbon industry over the past 20 years and the development of flow simulation models now follows a widely accepted workflow that is surprisingly similar across companies and academic institutions, regardless of the software tools used (e.g. Bryant and Flint, 1993): 1. The reservoir volume is defined by surfaces representing the top and base of the reservoir and surfaces representing key reservoir bounding faults. 2. Additional faults within the reservoir are represented by additional surfaces, across which the top and base surfaces may be offset. 3. The reservoir is subdivided into geologically defined zones by one or more surfaces, which may be offset across the fault surfaces. These surfaces may be interpreted from seismic data, or correlated between wells, in which case the topography of the surfaces may be dictated by the top and/or base reservoir surfaces. Conventional reservoir models may contain 10s to 100s of these surfaces.

A Euler–Poincaré framework for the multilayer Green–Nagdhi equations

The Green–Nagdhi equations are frequently used as a model of the wave-like behaviour of the free surface of a fluid, or the interface between two homogeneous fluids of differing densities. Here we show that their multilayer extension arises naturally from a framework based on the Euler–Poincare theory under an ansatz of columnar motion. The framework also extends to the travelling wave solutions of the equations. We present numerical solutions of the travelling wave problem in a number of flow regimes. We find that the free surface and multilayer waves can exhibit intriguing differences compared to the results of single layer or rigid lid models.

Higher-order conservative interpolation between control-volume meshes

A general, higher-order, conservative and bounded interpolation for the dynamic and adaptive meshing of control-volume fields dual to continuous and discontinuous finite element representations is presented. Existing techniques such as node-wise interpolation are not conservative and do not readily generalise to discontinuous fields, whilst conservative methods such as Grandy interpolation are often too diffusive. The new method uses control-volume Galerkin projection to interpolate between control-volume fields. Bounded solutions are ensured by using a post-interpolation diffusive correction. Example applications of the method to interface capturing during advection and also to the modelling of multiphase porous media flow are presented to demonstrate the generality and robustness of the approach.

Numerical simulation of scour below pipelines using flexible mesh methods

Evaluating bed morphological structure and evolution (specifically the scoured bed level) accurately using numerical models is critical for analyses of the stability of many marine structures. This paper discusses the performance of an implementation within Fluidity, an open source, general purpose, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, capable of handling arbitrary multi-scale unstructured tetrahedral meshes and including algorithms to perform dynamic anisotropic mesh adaptivity. The flexibility over mesh structure and resolution that these capabilities provide makes it potentially highly suitable for coupling the structural scale with larger scale ocean dynamics. In this very preliminary study the solver approach is demonstrated for an idealised scenario. Discontinuous Galerkin finite-element (DG-FEM) based discretisation methods have been used for the hydrodynamics and morphological calculations, and automatic mesh deformation has been utilised to account for bed evolution changes while preserving the validity and quality of the mesh. In future work, the solver will be used in three-dimensional impinging jet and other industrial and environmental scour studies.

Modelling local scour near structures with combined mesh movement and mesh optimisation

Abstract This paper develops a new implementation coupling optimisation-based anisotropic mesh adaptivity algorithms to a moving mesh numerical scour model, considering both turbulent suspended and bedload sediment transport. The significant flexibility over mesh structure and resolution, in space and time, that the coupling of these approaches provides makes this framework highly suitable for resolving individual marine structure scales with larger scale ocean dynamics. The use of mesh optimisation addresses the issue of poor mesh quality and/or inappropriate resolution that have compromised existing modelling approaches that apply mesh movement strategies alone, especially in the case of extreme scour. Discontinuous Galerkin finite element-based discretisation methods and a Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes-based turbulent modelling approach are used for the hydrodynamic fluid flow. In this work the model is verified in two dimensions for current-dominated scour near a horizontal pipeline. Combined adaptive mesh movement and anisotropic mesh optimisation is found to maintain both the quality and validity of the mesh in response to morphological bed evolution changes, even in the case where it is severely constrained by nearby structures.

Two-Dimensional Evaluation of ATHAM-Fluidity, a Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Using Mixed Continuous/Discontinuous Finite Elements and Anisotropic Grid Optimization

AbstractThis paper presents the first attempt to apply the compressible nonhydrostatic Active Tracer High-Resolution Atmospheric Model–Fluidity (ATHAM-Fluidity) solver to a series of idealized atmospheric test cases. ATHAM-Fluidity uses a hybrid finite-element discretization where pressure is solved on a continuous second-order grid while momentum and scalars are computed on a first-order discontinuous grid (also known as ). ATHAM-Fluidity operates on two- and three-dimensional unstructured meshes, using triangular or tetrahedral elements, respectively, with the possibility to employ an anisotropic mesh optimization algorithm for automatic grid refinement and coarsening during run time. The solver is evaluated using two-dimensional-only dry idealized test cases covering a wide range of atmospheric applications. The first three cases, representative of atmospheric convection, reveal the ability of ATHAM-Fluidity to accurately simulate the evolution of large-scale flow features in neutral atmospheres at res...

A New Approach to Reservoir Modeling and Simulation Using Boundary Representation, Adaptive Unstructured Meshes and the Discontinuous Overlapping Control Volume Finite Element Method

We present a new, high-order, control-volume-finite-element (CVFE) method with discontinuous Nth-order representation for pressure and (N 1)th-order for velocity. The method conserves mass and ensures that the extended Darcy equations for multi-phase flow are exactly enforced, but does not require the use of control volumes (CVs) that span domain boundaries. We demonstrate that the approach, amongst other features, accurately preserves sharp saturation changes associated with high aspect ratio geologic features such as fractures and mudstones, allowing efficient simulation of flow in highly heterogeneous models. Moreover, in conjunction with dynamic mesh optimization, in which the mesh adapts in space and time to key solution fields such as pressure, velocity or saturation whilst honoring a surface-based representation of the underlying geologic heterogeneity, accurate solutions are obtained at significantly lower computational cost than an equivalent fine, fixed mesh and conventional CVFE methods. The work presented is significant for two reasons. First, it resolves a long- standing problem associated with the use of classical CVFE methods to model flow in highly heterogeneous porous media; second, it reduces computational cost/increases solution accuracy through the use of dynamic mesh optimization without compromising parallelization.