Jana Pisk

Dioxomolybdenum(VI) and dioxotungsten(VI) complexes chelated with the ONO tridentate hydrazone ligand: synthesis, structure and catalytic epoxidation activity

Synthesis of the dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes [MoO2(L3OMe)(EtOH)] (1), [MoO2(L4OMe)(EtOH)] (2) and [MoO2(LH)(EtOH)] (3) and dioxotungsten(VI) complexes [WO2(L3OMe)(EtOH)] (4), [WO2(L4OMe)(EtOH)] (5) and [WO2(LH)]n (6a) was carried out using [MO2(C5H7O2)2] (M = Mo or W) and the corresponding aroylhydrazone ligand H2LR (3-methoxysalicylaldehyde 4-hydroxybenzhydrazone (H2L3OMe), 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde 4-hydroxybenzhydrazone (H2L4OMe), or salicylaldehyde 4-hydroxybenzhydrazone (H2LH) in ethanol. Compounds obtained upon heating of the mononuclear complexes in acetonitrile or dichloromethane, [MO2(LR)]n (1a–6a) or [MoO2(L3OMe)]2 (1b), respectively, were also investigated. Crystal and molecular structures of the mononuclear 1, 2 and 3, polynuclear 1a·MeCN and dinuclear 1b complexes were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. Powder X-ray diffraction showed isostructurality of 1 and 4, and 2 and 5. The complexes were further characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TG and DSC analyses, and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The catalytic performances of 1–5 and 6a were investigated for epoxidation of cyclooctene using aqueous tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant.

Pyridoxal hydrazonato molybdenum(VI) complexes: assembly, structure and epoxidation (pre)catalyst testing under solvent-free conditions

Pyridoxal hydrazonato molybdenum(VI) complexes were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding hydrazone (H2L1 = pyridoxal isonicotinic acid hydrazone, H2L2 = pyridoxal benzhydrazone, H2L3 = pyridoxal 4-hydroxy benzhydrazone) and [MoO2(acac)2] under appropriate conditions. The complexes can be classified into three categories: mononuclear [MoO2(L1–3)(MeOH)], polynuclear [MoO2(L1–3)]n and hybrid organic–inorganic compounds with the Lindqvist polyoxomolybdate [MoO2(HL1–3)]2Mo6O19. A unique example of a cationic polymer assembly with Lindqvist anions is reported herein for the first time. The compounds were characterised by elemental, TG and DSC analyses and by spectroscopic (IR, UV-Vis, 1H, 13C NMR) techniques. The crystal and molecular structure of the pyridoxal benzhydrazone H2L2, three mononuclear complexes [MoO2(L1–3)(MeOH)], and the Lindqvist-containing compounds [MoO2(HL2)]2Mo6O19·2MeCN and (H4L1)Mo6O19 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. All complexes were tested as (pre)catalysts for the epoxidation of cyclooctene under solvent-free conditions with the use of aqueous TBHP (TBHP = tert-butylhydroperoxyde) as an oxidant. Optimal results in terms of conversion, selectivity, TOF and TON were obtained at very low (pre)catalyst loadings (0.05% [Mo] vs. substrate). The influence of the Linqvist anion on catalytic performance is discussed.

Hybrid organic–inorganic compounds based on the Lindqvist polyoxomolybdate and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes

Organic–inorganic hybrids, based on the Lindqvist-type polyoxometalate (POM) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes, have been synthesized by hydrolysis of [MoO2(acac)2] (acac = acetylacetonate) in the presence of aroylhydrazone ligands in weak donor solvents. This provides an efficient route to materials that contain open coordination sites or sites occupied by labile ligands. Removal upon grinding or heating of the labile acetonitrile and acetone molecules on the dioxomolybdenum centres and the reaction in the solid-state represent a way for designing structures with the Lindqvist Mo6O192− anion coordinated to the metal centres of two complex cations. The compounds were characterised by the single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction methods, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TG and DSC analyses.

Dioxotungsten(VI) complexes with isoniazid-related hydrazones as (pre)catalysts for olefin epoxidation: solvent and ligand substituent effects

The mononuclear dioxotungsten(VI) complexes [WO2(L3OMe)(D)] (1a and 1b), [WO2(L4OMe)(D)] (2a and 2b) and [WO2(LH)(D)] (3a and 3b) (D = EtOH (1a–3a) or MeOH (1b–3b); L3OMe = 3-methoxy-2-oxybenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazonato, L4OMe = 4-methoxy-2-oxybenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazonato, LH = 2-oxybenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazonato) were synthesized by the reaction of [WO2(acac)2]·0.5C6H5Me with the respective isoniazid-related hydrazone. The compounds were characterized by microanalysis, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction method. The crystal and molecular structures of 1a, 1b, 3a and [WO2(acac)2]·0.5C6H5Me were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures of 1a, 1b, 3a are mononuclear and form hydrogen bonded centrosymmetric dimers. In all three complexes, the dimers are also held together by π⋯π interactions between aromatic rings. The catalytic performances (activity and selectivity) of 1a–3a and 1b–3b towards alkene epoxidation by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) were investigated under different conditions.

Comparative studies on conventional and solvent-free synthesis toward hydrazones: Application of PXRD and chemometric data analysis in mechanochemical reaction monitoring

Synthesis of hydrazones was performed via both conventional and solvent-free routes using the corresponding hydrazide (isonicotinic hydrazide, nicotinic hydrazide, 2-aminobenzhydrazide or 4-aminobenzhydrazide) and appropriate aldehyde (salicylaldehyde, 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde or 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde). A systematic study dedicated to solvatomorphism or polymorphism screening resulted in the formation of twelve novel crystalline forms, and eight of these were characterized via the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. In all studied structures, the molecules were assembled into endless supramolecular chains, discrete rings, chains of rings or nets. The mechanochemical synthesis employing liquid-assisted grinding was also applied and the nicotinic- and isonicotinic-based hydrazones were found to form readily from their corresponding precursors. The chemometric study using principal component analysis for mechanochemical synthesis monitoring was implemented for the first time to provide an insight into the reaction profiles. A thoughtful combination of ex situ powder X-ray diffraction and chemometric analysis was essential to identify a stepwise mechanism for the hydrazone formation via an intermediate phase. In five investigated reactions the first principal component accounted for at least 75% of the total variance, whereas in the case of two reactions this component accounted for 69.72 and 46.23% of the total variance. The hydrazones were also evaluated for cytotoxic activity in vitro. All compounds exhibited weak to moderate cytotoxicity against THP-1 and no cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. Substantial antibacterial activity was obtained against Moraxella catarrhalis while no growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli was observed.