Janice G. Peters

THE NYMPH OF SIPHLURISCUS CHINENSIS AND ADDITIONAL IMAGINAL DESCRIPTION: A LIVING MAYFLY WITH JURASSIC ORIGINS (SIPHLURISCIDAE NEW FAMILY: EPHEMEROPTERA)

Abstract The nymph, female imago and egg of Siphluriscus chinensis Ulmer are described and figured in detail for the first time based on associated nymphs and imagos from China. Additional characters of the male imago are described. Based upon imaginal and nymphal characters, Siphluriscidae fam. n. is established in the Siphlonuroidea for Siphluriscus and, provisionally, the Jurassic genus Stackelbergisca Tshernova. Siphluriscus ? davidi Navás, known from one male subimago, is transferred to Siphlonurus davidi comb. n. The family Siphluriscidae is distinguished from all other families of Siphlonuroidea by the presence of coxal gills on the fore and middle legs in all stages and in the nymph by the presence of a basal, moveable, dactyl-like appendage on each claw, and labial and maxillary gills. Characters of the nymphal mouthparts, particularly the mandibles and maxillae, suggest that Siphluriscidae is a sister-group of the family Nesameletidae. However, the majority of character states are considered plesiomorphic in the Ephemeroptera, and may contribute valuable information on the origin, phylogeny and biogeography of Ephemeroptera.

The imago of Simothraulopsis demoulin with a redescription of the nymph (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae)

Simothraulopsis surinamensis Demoulin, 1966, a synonym of Simothraulopsis demerara (Traver, 1947) new synonym, is redescribed from associated adults and nymphs from French Guiana and Surinam, with additional records from northern Brazil and Venezuela. The type species of Simothraulopsis becomes S. demerara new combination. We confirm that the presumed nymph of Homothraulus described by Traver (1960) is correctly associated with imagines.

Homologisation of the anterior articular plate in the wing base of Ephemeroptera and Odonatoptera

In the search for the sister group of modern Ephemerida, we used the evolutionary groundplan method to identify synapomorphies in wing articulation. The evolutionary approach is necessary because post-groundplan wing adaptations have obscured the phylogenetically informative higher-level synapomorphies in modern Ephemerida, Odonata and Neoptera. Protowing-level sclerites are recognisable fragments of the first limb-derived pleuron, arranged in eight rows above the pathways delivering blood to the eight principal wing veins. Each row includes three sclerites (proxalare, axalare and fulcalare) which articulate with the basivenale (wing blood sinus). Over the course of the pterygote evolutionary history, many row-sclerites have assembled into clusters, plates, or processes, the composition of which can be most clearly recognised by comparison with ancestral Paleozoic fossils. The extant orders Ephemerida and Odonata (Palaeoptera: Hydropalaeoptera) share a derived anterior articular plate (AAP) composed of four fused sclerites (two axalaria and two fulcalaria) belonging to the precostal and costal rows. This plate represents a complex and unique synapomorphy. In Neoptera, precostal and costal fulcalaria are fused to basivenalia to form a humeral plate, and axalaria are obscured by the tegula. Palaeoptera include two subdivisions, extant Hydropalaeoptera and extinct Palaeodictyopteroida.

Status changes in Leptohyphidae and Tricorythidae (Ephemeroptera)

The genus Coryphorus Peters is moved from the Tricorythidae (Machadorythinae) to the family Leptohyphidae. The genus Tricorythafer Lestage, 1942 is synonymized with Tricorythodes Ulmer, 1920 syn. n., and its type species becomes Tricorythodes fugitans (Needham, 1920, originally described in Caenopsis) comb. n. The description of the labial palp of Machadorythus is emended to “two OR three‐ segmented.”; The subfamily Dicercomyzinae is transferred from Leptohyphidae to Tricorythidae, and the genus Teloganella Ulmer is moved to the Ephemerellidae, subfamily Teloganodinae.

Phylogeny and biogeography of Asthenopodinae with a revision of Asthenopus, reinstatement of Asthenopodes, and the description of the new genera Hubbardipes and Priasthenopus (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae)

Abstract The Neotropical species of Asthenopodinae are revised in a formal phylogenetic context. The five known species of Asthenopus Eaton, 1871, together with other five new species were included in a cladistic analysis using morphological characters (continuous and discretes). Representatives of the Afro-Oriental group of the subfamily (Povilla Navás, 1912 and Languidipes Hubbard, 1984) were also included to test the monophyletic hypothesis traditionally accepted for the group. Additional taxa representing the other subfamilies of Polymitarcyidae were incorparated: Ephoron Williamson, 1802 (Polymitarcyinae) and Campsurus Eaton, 1868, Tortopus Needham & Murphy, 1924 and Tortopsis Molineri, 2010 (Campsurinae). A matrix of 17 taxa and 72 characters was analyzed under parsimony resulting in a single tree supporting the monophyly of the subfamily Asthenopodinae. Other results include the monophyly of the Afro-Oriental taxa (Povilla and Languidipes), the paraphyletic nature of Neotropical Asthenopodinae, and the recognition of four South American genera: Asthenopus (including Asthenopus curtus (Hagen), 1861, Asthenopus angelae de Souza & Molineri, 2012, Asthenopus magnus sp. n., Asthenopus hubbardi sp. n., Asthenopus guarani sp. n.), Asthenopodes Ulmer, 1924, stat. n. (including Asthenopus picteti Hubbard, 1975, stat. n., Asthenopodes traverae sp. n., Asthenopodes chumuco sp. n.), Priasthenopus gen. n. (including Priasthenopus gilliesi (Domínguez), 1988, comb. n.), and Hubbardipes gen. n. (including Hubbardipes crenulatus (Molineri et al.), 2011, comb. n.). Descriptions, diagnoses, illustrations and keys are presented for all Neotropical taxa of Asthenopodinae (adults of both sexes, eggs and nymphs). Additionally a key to the subfamilies and genera of Polymitarcyidae is included. A quantitative biogeographic analysis of vicariance is presented and discussed through the study of the “taxon history” of the group.

Integrative taxonomic revision of Campylocia (mayflies: Ephemeroptera, Euthyplociidae)

A morphological comparison of type and non-type material of species of Campylocia, including their junior synonyms, was conducted, in addition to neighbour joining based on K2P distances and Bayesian inference analyses of 376 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) of recently collected specimens. Results revealed the lack of distinguishing characters between C. bocainensis and C. dochmia supported by the molecular analysis, where the overlap of intra- and interspecific genetic divergences suggested genetic flow among individuals. Campylocia burmeisteri is revalidated as a senior synonym of Brazilian south-eastern species C. bocainensis and C. dochmia and of E. guntheri, formerly a synonym of C. anceps. Campylocia burmeisteri is redescribed based on material from its type-locality, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro State. Two new species, C. demoulini sp. nov. and C. araca sp. nov., are described from the Amazon rain forest and a third species, C. orosi sp. nov., is described from Costa Rica. Possible cryptic species and the utility of egg morphology in the taxonomy of Campylocia are discussed for the first time for the genus. A key to the identification of adult stages of Campylocia is provided based on male genitalia and egg morphologyhttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6779DC2C-DB98-41DF-8C52-FF97366AAF7A

The adult stage of Languidipes corporaali (Lestage, 1922), new status and the validity of Povilla (Navás) (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae: Asthenopodinae)

The male imago of Languidipes corporaali (Lestage, 1922), new status (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae: Asthenopodinae), is described for the first time based upon adults associated with females. The male is distinguished from Povilla by the large eyes, short tarsi of forelegs, absence of a styliger plate and a triangular basal cell at the fork of CuA-CuP in the forewing. Based on examination of series of females of Povilla from localities in Africa and Asia, an apparent third intercalary in the Cu field of Povilla females is a not infrequent population variation in the genus. Following examination of the holotype photograph of Povilla adusta, the present generic concept of Povilla is considered valid. New records for Languidipes corporaali include Malaysia and Thailand.

Description of the imago of Traverella longifrons Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1996 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

In 1996, Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty described the species Traverella longifrons from Costa Rica based on nymphs previously known under the informal epithet Traverella sp. B Allen (1973) from Honduras and Mexico. Here the imago of T. longifrons Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty (1996) is described based on reared material from Panamá and additional material from Honduras.

Symposium: Use of Pheromones in Tropical Crops: Leg Abscission and Adult Dolania (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae)

Legs of male imagos and female subimagos of Dolania americana Edmunds and Traver are described. Distal segments of meso- and metathoracic legs of males break during the subimaginal molt and remain in the cast exuviae. Leg abscission is probably a method to ensure rapid completion of the subimaginal stage in this short-lived mayfly.

A new species of Polyplocia Lestage from Malaysia with comments on the genus (Ephemeroptera, Euthyplociidae, Euthyplociinae)

Polyplocia nebulosa sp. nov. is described based on male and female imagos from Malaysia, Sabah State. Nymphs provisionally assigned to this species are also described. This species can be readily separated from P. vitalisi by the color pattern of the wings, with light brown longitudinal veins, narrow dark brown clouds on cross veins and margins of wings tinged with brown. The male genitalia are distinct from those of other species of Polyplocia: penes are broad, T-shaped, with large lateral projecting lobes, which are apically rounded, and with a small dorsolateral spine on each lobe; the styliger plate is short and not projected posteriorly. Eggs of the genus are described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. Eggs are 265-267 µm in length, 170-186 µm in width, barrel-shaped, without polar caps or other attachment structures, with one visible micropyle and with chorion forming an irregular mesh with raised ridges (mesh between 3.8-8 µm). A key to male adults of Polyplocia is provided and additional records of Polyplocia from Thailand are given.