János Schunk

Microbiological investigation of an industrial ultra pure supply water plant using cultivation-based and cultivation-independent methods

Ultra pure waters (UPW), characterized by extremely low salt and nutrient concentrations, can suffer from microbial contamination which causes biofouling and biocorrosion, possibly leading to reduced lifetime and increased operational costs. Samples were taken from an ultra pure supply water producing plant of a power plant. Scanning electron microscopic examination was carried out on the biofilms formed in the system. Biofilm, ion exchange resin, and water samples were characterized by culture-based methods and molecular fingerprinting (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism [T-RFLP] analysis and molecular cloning). Identification of bacteria was based on 16S rDNA sequence comparison. A complex microbial community structure was revealed. Nearly 46% of the clones were related to as yet uncultured bacteria. The community profiles of the water samples were the most diverse and most of bacteria were recruited from bacterial communities of tube surface and ion exchange resin biofilms. Microbiota of different layers of the mixed bed ion exchange resin showed the highest similarity. Most of the identified taxa (dominated by β-Proteobacteria) could take part in microbially influenced corrosion.

Hydrodynamics of the effectiveness of the AP-CITROX decontamination technology

During the optimization of the AP-CITROX decontamination technology the effect of the different flow rates of the decontamination solutions on the radioactive contamination and corrosion state of stainless steel tube samples originating from steam generators of Paks NPP were studied by a pilot-plant circulation system. The results have proved that a significant increase (up to 2.89 m/s) in the flow rate of the decontamination solution in the 1-5 steps is highly recommended and in order to improve the passivity of the surfaces it should be kept as low as possible (0.5 m/s) during the passivation.

Bacterial communities in an ultrapure water containing storage tank of a power plant

Ultrapure waters (UPWs) containing low levels of organic and inorganic compounds provide extreme environment. On contrary to that microbes occur in such waters and form biofilms on surfaces, thus may induce corrosion processes in many industrial applications. In our study, refined saltless water (UPW) produced for the boiler of a Hungarian power plant was examined before and after storage (sampling the inlet [TKE] and outlet [TKU] waters of a storage tank) with cultivation and culture independent methods. Our results showed increased CFU and direct cell counts after the storage. Cultivation results showed the dominance of aerobic, chemoorganotrophic α-Proteobacteria in both samples. In case of TKU sample, a more complex bacterial community structure could be detected. The applied molecular method (T-RFLP) indicated the presence of a complex microbial community structure with changes in the taxon composition: while in the inlet water sample (TKE) α-Proteobacteria (Sphingomonas sp., Novosphingobium hassiacum) dominated, in the outlet water sample (TKU) the bacterial community shifted towards the dominance of α-Proteobacteria (Rhodoferax sp., Polynucleobacter sp., Sterolibacter sp.), CFB (Bacteroidetes, formerly Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group) and Firmicutes. This shift to the direction of fermentative communities suggests that storage could help the development of communities with an increased tendency toward corrosion.

Effects of AP-CITROX Decontamination Procedure on the Surface Oxide Layer Composition of Stainless Steel Originating from the Primary Circuit of a VVER-Type Nuclear Reactor

A real specimen originating from the primary circuit of a VVER-440 type pressurized water cooled nuclear reactor has been studied by Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) in order to find out how the AP-CITROX decontamination procedure modifies the structure and composition of the surface oxide layer of stainless steel which is used in the steam generator. Other methods like voltammetry, gravimetry, and SEM-EDAX were also applied to characterize the samples and to help the interpretation of CEMS results. It was found that, in contradiction with expectations, the presence of the surface magnetite layer could not be convincingly identified even on the non-decontaminated sample. This finding together with the relatively weak Mössbauer signals indicated that the surface oxide layer is strongly Fe-depleted. It was also concluded that the upper layer of the bulk steel (under the oxide layer) has an altered composition probably due to irradiation-enhanced diffusion of the metallic constituents. It was established that the AP-CITROX decontamination procedure does not exert detrimental effects on the thickness and composition of the surface oxide layer.

Radioactive wastewater treatment using selective ion exchangers

It is well known that in the Hungarian PWR-type nuclear power plant Paks the radioactive waste waters are collected in common tanks. These water streams contain radioactive isotopes in ultra-low concentration and inactive compounds as major components (borate 1.7 g/dm3, sodium-nitrate 0.4 g/dm3, sodium-hydroxide 0.16 g/dm3, and oxalate 0.25 g/dm3). These low salinity solutions were evaporated by adding sodium-hydroxide, until 400 g/dm3 salt content is reached. There is about 6000 m3 concentrated evaporator bottom residues in the tanks of the PWR. We have developed a complex technology for the selective separation of the long live radionuclides and for the partial recycle of boric acid from this evaporator bottom residue. A wastewater treatment system has been developed by using a cesium selective inorganic ion exchanger. The selective separation of cesium (137Cs, 134Cs) from high salt concentration and strongly alkaline evaporator bottom residue in Paks Nuclear Power Plant has a volume reduction factor about 1800-3500 at the value of the decontamination factor DF > 100, for the samples of four tanks of the Hungarian PWR Paks.