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The American Historical Review | 1990

La raison des gestes dans l'Occident médiéval

Jean-Claude Schmitt

Charlemagne se tord la barbe et pleure ; devant Guillaume le Conquerant, Harold prete serment les mains posees sur des reliques ; les bras tendus, le pretre eleve l’hostie que les fideles, a genoux et les mains jointes, fixent du regard ; tous font des signes de croix. Qu’ils nous surprennent ou nous paraissent aujourd’hui encore familiers, tous ces gestes sont lies a une culture et a son histoire. Car il n’existe pas de gestes « naturels », mais des usages sociaux du corps, propres a chaque civilisation et qui changent au cours du temps. Ce livre explore l’histoire des gestes en Occident, depuis l’Antiquite tardive jusqu’au Moyen Âge central. D’entree de jeu, il souligne un probleme crucial : l’historien, a l’inverse de l’ethnologue ou du sociologue, n’atteint pas directement les gestes du passe, mais toujours dans des ecrits ou des images, des representations des gestes qui en sont aussi des interpretations donnees par la culture du temps. Ce qui deplace et enrichit le questionnaire de l’historien : qu’est-ce que « faire un geste » dans la societe chretienne du Moyen Âge ? Comment juge-t-on a cette epoque le corps, son mouvement et ses attitudes ? Existe-t-il alors une ou des theories du geste? Ainsi le spectacle des gestes est-il un defi permanent lance a la raison, qui cherche, non sans difficultes ni malentendus et a chaque epoque d’une maniere nouvelle, a imposer aux gestes un ordre et du sens. C’est dans cette dialectique des gestes et de la pensee, a laquelle les clercs du Moyen Âge ont donne en leur temps une expression systematique, que s’est construite au cours des siecles une culture singuliere du corps et de ses usages.


History and Anthropology | 1984

Between text and image: The prayer gestures of saint dominic

Jean-Claude Schmitt

Based on a limited corpus of three manuscripts dating from the XlVth and XVth centuries, this study proposes to delve into the theoretical question of the relationship between a parallel series of descriptive texts and images which show nine (or fourteen) ways Saint Dominic prayed. This analysis shows the discrepencies between the described and illustrated gestures, then the different ways each manuscript treated them, from one historical moment to another. In any case, it seems that each one of these three series is structured, and that the three are structured in a comparable manner. This syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis leads to a final question on the sociological and ideological functions of the document, which attempted to provide a means for the religious followers to identify with the saintly founder of their order through image, voice and gesture.


Frühmittelalterliche Studien | 2004

Plädoyer für eine historische Anthropologie des Mittelalters

Jean-Claude Schmitt

Zum Abdruck kommt hier der Vortrag, den Jean-Claude Schmitt am 18. Juli 2003 anläßlich der Verleihung der Ehrendoktorwürde durch die Philosophische Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität in der Aula der Universität hielt. Die persönlichen Wendungen des Beitrags verdanken sich diesem Anlaß. Mit dieser Anerkennung des hohen wissenschaftlichen Ranges dankte die Philosophische Fakultät dem Gelehrten auf Vorschlag des Fachbereichs Geschichte/ Philosophie für fruchtbare Anregungen durch sein Werk sowie für intensive Forschungskontakte zwischen Münster und Paris. Die Ehrung in Münster soll nicht zuletzt zum Ausdruck bringen, wie wichtig seine Themen gerade für den Sonderforschungsbereich 496 sind. Als Direktor der École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales und Leiter der Abteilung verkörpert Jean-Claude Schmitt die beste Tradition der französischen Mediävistik, die, ausgehend von der Schule der , international bis heute als führend angesehen werden kann. Besonders hervorgehoben sei die interdisziplinäre Ausrichtung seiner Arbeiten. Sie trugen maßgeblich zu einer kulturwissenschaftlichen Perspektive der Geschichtswissenschaft bei. Große Wirkung erzielten insbesondere sein Buch „La raison des gestes dans l’occident médiéval“ (1990) (deutsch „Die Logik der Gesten im Europäischen Mittelalter“), seine Arbeiten über Glauben und Aberglauben im Mittelalter (deutsch „Heidenspaß und Höllenangst“, 1993, oder „Die Wiederkehr der Toten. Geistergeschichten aus dem Mittelalter“, 1995) sowie seine zahlreichen Studien, die eine historische Bildkunde grundlegten (z. B. „Les images dans les sociétés médiévales. Pour une histoire comparée“, 1999, oder „Die Methodik der Bildinterpretation“, herausgegeben zusammen mit Andrea von HülsenEsch, 2002). Sein jüngstes Buch über Hermann den Juden (mit dem Untertitel „Autobiographie, Geschichte und Fiktion“, 2003) zeigt Schmitt auch auf dem modernsten Niveau literaturwissenschaftlicher Forschungsansätze.


Gesta | 2017

Encounter: Rhythmicity of an Image

Jean-Claude Schmitt

he illuminated page I discuss is not a prestigious work of art of the sort I could have extracted from a richly decorated late medieval book of hours, but for historians of images and of social practices it is of great interest (Fig. 1). This page (Paris, Archives nationales, MM 406, fol. 6r) has accompanied me during many years of reflection about the importance and function of rhythm in medieval society. In this quest, miniatures quickly acquired a central place: the very beautiful ones, in royal Psalters and princely books of hours; and the others, like this one, more ordinary but still extremely compelling for their formal characteristics. The aesthetic value that we accord images (and which was already recognized at the time of their creation, but following different criteria) did not inspire my choice. Rather, what interests me is the capacity of illuminations to express or, better yet, to elicit rhythm— their rhythmicity, which is often associated with their musicality. The images that attract my attention echo the medieval concept of rythmus, which is concerned above all with vocal music, poetry, and the scansion of dance. This page stands out for the repetitive character of the mise en scène (three red registers); the sequential arrangement of figures (six or seven); their appearance, simultaneously similar and different; and, finally, because of the essential link between line and color in the figures, and the verbal articulations materialized by the inscriptions. For not only do the figures vocalize but they also make the image of their voices resonate: they make the picture talk and sing.


Convivium | 2015

Rome, Trier, Kiev

Jean-Claude Schmitt

The Egbert Psalter, also called the Gertrude Psalter, owes its two names not only to a change of ownership between the late-tenth and the mid-eleventh centuries, but also to the transformation of its textual and iconographical content. Polish Princess Gertrude indeed commissioned four Byzantine-style images to enrich the manuscript. These were made in Kiev either by local artists or foreign artists following the local style. This unexpected enrichment of the manuscript shows how an aristocratic laywoman was able to take ownership of a Psalter originally created for a bishop. It also attests to the intensity of the political, matrimonial, artistic and religious relationships between the western and eastern Christian realms despite the Great Schism of 1054. The Psalter’s history echoes the studies about cultural exchanges in Hans Belting’s Florence and Bagdad: Renaissance Art and Arab Science.


Archive | 1998

Ghosts in the Middle Ages: The Living and the Dead in Medieval Society

Jean-Claude Schmitt


Western Folklore | 1985

The holy greyhound : Guinefort, healer of children since the thirteenth century

Bruce A. Rosenberg; Jean-Claude Schmitt; Martin Thom


Archive | 1996

Historia de los jóvenes

Giovanni Levi; Jean-Claude Schmitt


Archive | 1994

Les revenants : les vivants et les morts dans la société médiévale

Jean-Claude Schmitt


Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales | 1976

Le suicide au Moyen Âge

Jean-Claude Schmitt

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Jacques Le Goff

École Normale Supérieure

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André Burguière

École Normale Supérieure

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Jacques Revel

École Normale Supérieure

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Carlo Severi

École Normale Supérieure

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Maurice Godelier

École Normale Supérieure

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Peter Stockinger

Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales

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