Jean M. Panneton

Hepatic artery aneurysm: factors that predict complications

OBJECTIVE We reviewed the Mayo Clinic experience with management and outcome of hepatic artery aneurysms (HAA). METHODS Retrospective review of charts for 306 patients with true visceral aneurysm diagnosed from 1980 to 1998 enabled identification of 36 patients (12%) with HAA. RESULTS Patients with HAA included 23 men and 13 women, with mean age of 62.2 years (range, 20-85 years). Most aneurysms were extrahepatic (78%) and single (92%). Mean aneurysm diameter at presentation was 3.6 cm (range, 1.5-14 cm). Five aneurysms had ruptured (14%), and four were symptomatic (11%). Mortality from rupture was 40%. Of the 9 patients with ruptured or symptomatic aneurysms, 2 patients had multiple HAA, 3 patients had fibromuscular dysplasia, and 2 patients had polyarteritis nodosa. All five HAAs that ruptured were of nonatherosclerotic origin (P =.001). Fourteen patients (39%) underwent elective procedures, including excision with vein graft (n = 7), excision with dacron graft (n = 3), excision alone (n = 2), and percutaneous embolization (n = 2). Two vein grafts and one dacron graft became occluded within 1 year. Nonoperative management was elected in 22 patients (61%) with mean aneurysm diameter 2.3 cm (range, 1.5-5 cm). No complications related to the aneurysm occurred during mean follow-up of 68.4 months (range, 1-372 months). Aneurysm growth was identified in 27%, the greatest being 0.8 cm over 34 months. CONCLUSIONS HAA are at definite risk for rupture (14%). Risk factors for rupture include multiple HAA and nonatherosclerotic origin. Patients with symptomatic aneurysms or any of these risk factors should be considered for intervention.

Replacement of the inferior vena cava for malignancy: an update.

OBJECTIVES Resection and replacement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) to remove malignant disease is a formidable procedure. Since our initial report with IVC replacement for malignancy, we have maintained an aggressive approach to these patients. The purpose of this review is to update our experience with regard to patient selection, operative technique, and early and late outcome. METHODS All patients who had IVC replacement for primary (n = 2) or secondary (n = 27) vena cava tumors from April 1990 to May 1999 were reviewed. Tumor location and type, clinical presentation, the segment of IVC replaced, graft patency, performance status of the patient, and tumor recurrence and survival data were collected. Late follow-up data were available for all but one patient. The IVC was replaced in 28 patients with large diameter (> or =14 mm) externally supported ePTFE grafts and with a panel graft of superficial femoral vein in the other. Three patients had a femoral arteriovenous fistula. Graft patency was determined before hospital dismissal and in follow-up by vena cavography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, or magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS There were 18 women and 11 men, with a mean age of 53.1 years (range, 16-88 years). Over one half of patients had symptoms from their tumor. IVC replacement was at the suprarenal segment in 15 patients, of whom 13 had concomitant major hepatic resection, at the infrarenal segment in 10, at both caval segments in three, and at the renal vein confluence in one. There were two early deaths (6.9%). One patient died intraoperatively of coagulopathy during liver resection and suprarenal IVC replacement. The other death occurred 4 months postoperatively, from multisystem organ failure that resulted in graft infection and occlusion. Twelve patients had one or more major complications- cardiopulmonary problems in five; bleeding in five; chylous ascites or large pleural effusions in two patients each; and lower extremity edema with tibial vein thrombosis in one. The mean follow-up was 2.8 years (range, 2.7 months to 6.3 years). Two late graft occlusions occurred: one at 7.5 months, the other, from tumor recurrence, at 6.3 years. There have been no other late graft-related complications. All 11 late deaths were caused by the progression of malignant disease. Of 16 survivors, 12 have no evidence of disease and four have either regional or distant metastatic recurrence. Initial postoperative performance status was good or excellent for most survivors. CONCLUSIONS Aggressive surgical management may offer the only chance for cure or palliation of symptoms for patients with primary or secondary IVC tumors. Our experience suggests that vena cava replacement may be performed safely with low graft-related morbidity and good patency in carefully selected patients.

Open surgical and endovascular treatment of superior vena cava syndrome caused by nonmalignant disease

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of endovascular and open surgical reconstructions in patients with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome caused by nonmalignant disease. METHODS Clinical data from 32 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular or open surgical reconstruction of central veins because of symptomatic benign SVC syndrome between November 1983 and June 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The study included 17 male and 15 female patients (mean age, 38 years; range, 5-69 years). Presenting symptoms were head fullness (n = 26), dyspnea or orthopnea (n = 23), headache (n = 17), or dizziness (n = 11); physical signs were head swelling (n = 31), chest wall collateral vessels (n = 29), facial cyanosis (n = 18), or arm swelling (n = 17). Etiologic factors included mediastinal fibrosis (n = 19), indwelling catheter (n = 8), idiopathic thrombosis (n = 4), or post-surgery (n = 1). Two patients were heterozygous for factor V Leiden; 1 patient had antithrombin III deficiency. Twenty-nine patients underwent surgical reconstruction with 31 bypass grafts: spiral saphenous vein (n = 20), superficial femoral vein (n = 4), human allograft (n = 1), or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE, n = 6). Eleven patients underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting; 3 primary and 8 secondary endovascular procedures were performed to treat graft stenosis (n = 7) or occlusion (n = 1). There were no early deaths. Five early graft failures in 3 ePTFE grafts and 2 bifurcated vein grafts (thrombosis, n = 4; stenosis, n = 1) were successfully treated with open surgical revision. Over a mean follow-up of 5.6 years (range, 0.4-16.6 years) in surgical patients, 17 additional secondary interventions were performed in 8 patients, 14 endovascular and 3 surgical. Primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates of surgical bypass grafts were 63%, 79%, and 85%, respectively, at 1 year, and 53%, 68%, and 80%, respectively, at 5 years. Graft patency was significantly higher in vein grafts compared with ePTFE grafts (P =.02). Mean follow-up after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting was 3.1 years (range, 1 day-11.7 years). Twelve secondary endovascular interventions were performed in 6 patients (primary group, 3 of 3; secondary group, 3 of 9 grafts in 8 patients) to maintain patency in 11 of 12 reconstructions. Mean follow-up in the entire patient cohort was 5.3 years (range, 0.4-16.6 years). In 79% of patients symptoms had resolved or were significantly improved at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Surgical treatment of benign SVC syndrome is effective over the long term, with secondary endovascular interventions to maintain graft patency. Straight spiral saphenous vein graft remains the conduit of choice for surgical reconstruction, with results superior to those with bifurcated vein and ePTFE. Endovascular treatment is effective over the short term, with frequent need for repeat interventions. It does not adversely affect future open surgical reconstruction and may prove to be a reasonable primary intervention in selected patients. Patients who are not suitable for or who fail endovascular intervention merit open surgical reconstruction.

The results of in situ prosthetic replacement for infected aortic grafts

BACKGROUND Treatment of aortic graft infection with graft excision and axillofemoral bypass may carry an increased risk of limb loss, aortic stump blowout, and pelvic ischemia. A review of patients with aortic graft infection treated with in situ prosthetic graft replacement was undertaken to determine if mortality, limb loss, and reinfection rates were improved with this technique. METHODS The clinical data of 25 patients, 19 males and 6 females, with a mean age of 68 years (range 35 to 83), with aortic graft infection, treated between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1998, by in situ prosthetic graft replacement were reviewed. Follow-up was complete in the 23 surviving patients and averaged 36 months (range 4 to 103). RESULTS Twenty aortofemoral, 3 aortoiliac, and 2 straight aortic graft infections were treated with excision and in situ replacement with standard polyester grafts in 16 patients (64%), or with rifampin-soaked collagen or gelatin-impregnated polyester grafts in 9 patients (36%). Fifteen patients (60%) had aortic graft enteric fistulas, 8 patients (32%) had abscesses or draining sinuses, and 2 patients (8%) had bacterial biofilm infections. Thirty-day mortality was 8% (2 of 25). There were no early graft occlusions or amputations. There was one late graft occlusion. There were no late amputations. The reinfection rate was 22% (5 grafts). All reinfections occurred in patients operated upon for occlusive disease. Only one reinfection occurred in the rifampin-soaked graft group (11% versus 29%, P = NS). Reinfection tended to be lower in patients with aortoenteric fistulas and without abscess. Autogenous tissue coverage provided statistically significant protection against reinfection. There were no late deaths related to in situ graft infection. CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with in situ graft replacement had an 8% mortality and 100% limb salvage rate. Reinfection rates were similar to those of extra-anatomic bypass, but a trend of lower reinfection rates with rifampin-impregnated grafts was apparent. Patients with aortoenteric fistula and without abscess appear to be well treated by the technique of in situ prosthetic grafting and autogenous tissue coverage.

The natural history of autologous fistulas as first-time dialysis access in the KDOQI era

BACKGROUND Patients on hemodialysis depend on durable, easily maintained vascular access. The autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) has been the gold standard since the introduction of the Brecia-Cimino fistula in 1966 and is echoed in the current Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines. The purpose of this study is to determine the natural history of AVF in patients requiring first-time permanent access in a large academic vascular surgery practice. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing new access creation from January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2005. The study group consisted of patients with no prior permanent access that underwent AVF creation. Categorical data was compared using chi2 analysis, nominal data was compared using Student t-test, and patency was determined by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS During the 6-month period, there were 80 first time AVF creations. The majority of patients were male (69%), African American (55%), and a history of diabetes (55%) and hypertension (96%). Seventy-five percent of patients were already undergoing hemodialysis via catheter access. Seventy-six percent of patients underwent preoperative vein mapping with a mean vein diameter of 3.1 mm. Twenty-six radiocephalic AVF (RCAVF) and 54 brachiocephalic AVF (BCAVF) were created with a mean follow-up of 278 days. At the end of follow-up, 38 (48%) AVF were being used for hemodialysis and only nine (11%) matured without the need for additional intervention. Mean time for AVF maturation was 146 days. Thirty AVF (37%) were abandoned, 16 (20%) of which were primary failures. Mean time to abandonment was 162 days. Twelve (15%) AVF remained patent but were never cannulated. The intervention rate was 1.33 interventions/patient/year and 75% of interventions were percutaneous. Kaplan-Meier analysis determined primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency was 36% +/- 8.3, 55% +/- 6.5, and 55% +/- 6.5 at 1 year, respectively. Cumulative functional patency was 63% at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS In patients receiving a first time permanent access, we found that the majority were AVF and they resulted in low primary patency rates at 1 year and long maturation times. KDOQI encourages AVF creation in order to increase AVF use for dialysis, but the strategy of simply increasing the number being created may not lead to the desired result and potentially lead to an increase in catheter dependence.

Most patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm are not suitable for endovascular repair using currently approved bifurcated stent-grafts.

Strict morphologic criteria must be used for patient selection to achieve durable success with endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). The goal of this study was to assess morphologic suitability (MS) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) for 2 currently approved bifurcated stent grafts and identify reasons for exclusion from EVAR. The authors reviewed the electronic charts of 1,795 consecutive patients who were diagnosed as having AAA between January 1999 and July 2001 at their institution. Three hundred and twenty patients had an AAA with a diameter of =5.0 cm, measured on computed tomography (CT). The records of 301 patients, 254 men, 47 women, with a mean age of 74 years were available for review, and these patients constituted the study cohort. Criteria used for MS included a proximal neck length =15 mm; neck diameter between 18 and 26 mm; neck angulation =60°; common or external iliac artery (CIA or EIA) diameters of 7–16 mm and 8–13 mm, respectively, for AneuRx (Medtronic Ave, Santa Rosa, CA) and Ancure (Guidant Cardiac and Vascular Division, Menlo Park, CA) bifurcated grafts. AAAs were suitable for AneuRx device in 14% of patients (43 of 301; 95% CI = 11–19%) and for Ancure in 5% (16 of 301; 95% CI = 3.1–9%). The main reason for exclusion was an inadequate proximal aortic neck (73%). The neck was too short in 49.5%, too wide in 64% and badly angulated in 12% of the patients. Iliac artery morphology precluded EVAR with AneuRx and Ancure devices in 52% and 80%. Both CIAs were too wide for EVAR in 43% and 77%, respectively. When iliac artery diameter =20 mm was accepted, iliac suitability for AneuRx increased from 49% to 70% and overall suitability increased from 14% to 20%. When more permissive criteria were used for MS (neck length =10 mm, neck diameter =30 mm, CIA =20), 39% of patients became candidates for EVAR. More than three fourths of the patients with an AAA =5.0 cm in size, seen in a tertiary referral center, are morphologically not suitable for EVAR using 2 currently approved bifurcated endografts. The main reasons for exclusion are a short or wide proximal aortic neck. Considerable changes in size of the devices and in proximal attachment techniques have to occur before most AAAs will be suitable for EVAR.

Endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair: Duplex ultrasound imaging is better than computed tomography at determining the need for intervention

OBJECTIVE Color duplex ultrasound (CDU) imaging is a noninvasive alternative to computed tomography (CT) for the detection of endoleak. This study compared CT and CDU imaging in the detection of endoleaks requiring intervention after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). METHODS All EVARs performed at our institution from 1996 to 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. CDU and CT scans < or =3 months were paired and the presence of an endoleak and its type were recorded. Clinical follow-up was reviewed and interventions for endoleak were recorded. Interventions were performed for type I, for type II with sac enlargement, and for type III endoleaks. The first analysis of clinical test outcomes used the findings of CT scan as a gold standard and the second used the findings at time of intervention as a gold standard. RESULTS During the time period reviewed, 496 patients underwent EVAR, and 236 of these had CDU and CT follow-up studies paired < or =3 months of each other. Mean follow-up was 17 months (range, <1-111 months). We reviewed 944 studies or 472 pairs. Eighteen patients (7.6%) required intervention for 19 endoleaks: six type I, 11 type II, and two type III. Early endoleak (< or =1 month) requiring reintervention was detected in 1 vs late endoleak (mean, 28 months; range, 0.6-88 months) in 18. All type I and III endoleaks were treated with endovascular cuff or limb extension placement. Three type II endoleaks were treated with open ligation, and coil or glue embolization was used in eight. CDU imaging detected endoleaks requiring intervention in 89% of cases, whereas CT detected endoleak in 58% (P < .05). The ability to correctly identify the type of endoleak as confirmed at time of intervention was 74% with CDU imaging vs 42% by CT (P < .05). CDU, for the detection of endoleak requiring intervention, had a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 81%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 99%, and positive predictive value (PPV) of 16%, while CT had a sensitivity of 58%, specificity of 87%, NPV of 98%, and PPV of 15%. CONCLUSIONS CDU imaging has a high sensitivity in detecting endoleaks requiring intervention, is better at identifying the type of endoleak, and is an excellent test for graft surveillance after endovascular aneurysm repair. Compared with CT scan, CDU imaging in our experience is the preferred test on which to base an intervention for endoleak.

In Situ Laser Fenestration for Revascularization of the Left Subclavian Artery During Emergent Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

Purpose To present midterm outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) with laser fenestration to revascularize the left subclavian artery (LSA) as an alternative to debranching. Methods Six symptomatic patients (3 men; mean age of 50 years) underwent emergent TEVAR with LSA revascularization via laser graft fenestration. Three patients had large thoracic aortic aneurysms (2 secondary to chronic dissection); 1 patient had an acute symptomatic type B aortic dissection, and 2 patients had intramural hematomas. Emergent TEVAR was carried out with deployment of a Dacron endograft over the orifice of the left LSA. Through retrograde brachial access, a 0.018-inch wire was placed at the ostium of the LSA followed by laser catheter fenestration of the graft. A 10-mm covered stent was deployed through the fenestration to traverse the endograft and LSA; the endograft portion of the covered stent was flared. Results Laser fenestration was successful in 5 of 6 attempts; 1 fenestration was abandoned secondary to an acute LSA takeoff in a type III aortic arch. In this case, the stent was placed as a snorkel to successfully revascularize the LSA with no adverse consequences. There were no fenestration-related complications and no neurological morbidity. At a mean 8-month follow-up (range 1–17), no patients had died, and all LSA stents were patent, with no fenestration-related endoleaks on imaging. Conclusion In situ retrograde laser fenestration is a feasible and effective option for revascularizing the LSA during emergent TEVAR. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine the durability of this technique.

Dissecting Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Part II

Editors note : Readers will note that there is some overlap in the information presented between this report and the article on aortic dissection by Drs. Fann and Miller, which appeared in this section in the May 1995 issue ofAnnals of Vascular Surgery. This second article on thoracoabdominal aneurysms by Drs. Panneton and Hollier is published because it focuses specifically on the subject of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal dissections, those most frequently encountered by practicing vascular surgeons. Despite the duplication, the additional information was thought to be worthy of publication.

Subintimal angioplasty: Our experience in the treatment of 506 infrainguinal arterial occlusions

OBJECTIVE The treatment of patients with chronic arterial occlusions involving the superficial femoral artery has changed significantly with the incorporation of subintimal angioplasty (SIA) into vascular surgery practice. To more clearly define technical feasibility, patency, and clinical outcomes of SIA, we reviewed our cumulative experience. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients who underwent SIA of arterial occlusions originating in the superficial femoral artery was performed. Patient history, demographics, procedural details, and follow-up information were collected and analyzed. Patency, limb salvage, sustained improvement in claudication, freedom from surgical bypass, and survival were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS From December, 2002, through July, 2006, 506 infrainguinal SIA procedures were performed in 472 patients with chronic arterial occlusion involving the superficial femoral artery. The mean age of patients treated was 69.4 +/- 11.9 years and the indication for intervention was critical limb ischemia in 63% of limbs (n = 317) and disabling claudication in 37% (n = 189). Forty-seven percent of limbs (n = 237) had isolated SFA occlusions, 40% (n = 205) had femoropopliteal occlusions, and 13% of limbs had occlusions beginning in the SFA and extending into the tibial arteries (n = 64). Technical success was achieved in 87% of procedures. Following successful SIA, the mean ankle-brachial index increased by 54%, from 0.50 +/- 0.16 to 0.77 +/- 0.23 (P < .0001). Median follow-up was 12.4 months (0-48 months) and 30-day mortality was 0.8%. Primary patency at 12 and 36 months was 45% (SE 3.0%) and 25% (SE 3.6%) respectively. Secondary patency was 76% (SE 2.6%) and 50% (SE 4.8%) at 12 and 36 months. Factors associated with reduced primary patency included femorotibial occlusions (HR 1.57, CI 1.05-2.36) and the presence of critical limb ischemia (HR 1.39, CI 1.02-1.89). Limb salvage in patients with critical limb ischemia was 75% (SE 5.9%) at 36 months. Freedom from surgical bypass in patients with either critical limb ischemia or disabling claudication was 77% (SE 4.1%) at 36 months. CONCLUSION SIA is an effective percutaneous technique for the revascularization of patients with lower extremity chronic arterial occlusions involving the superficial femoral artery. The procedure is successfully performed in all segments of the lower extremity with minimal morbidity or mortality. Rates of limb salvage and improvement in claudication are similar to those achieved by open surgical bypass, while modest reductions in limb salvage and primary patency are experienced in limbs with femorotibial occlusions.