Jeff J. White

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SNOWMOBILE ENGINE EMISSION TEST PROCEDURE

An appropriate test procedure, based on a duty cycle representative of real in-use operation, is an essential tool for characterizing engine emissions. A study has been performed to develop and validate a snowmobile engine test procedure for measurement of exhaust emissions. Real-time operating data collected from four instrumented snowmobiles were combined into a composite database for analysis and formulation of a snowmobile engine duty cycle. One snowmobile from each of four manufacturers (Arctic Cat, Polaris, Ski-Doo, and Yamaha) was included in the data collection process. Snowmobiles were driven over various onand off-trail segments representing five driving styles: aggressive (trail), moderate (trail), double (trail with operator and one passenger), freestyle (off trail), and lake driving. Statistical analysis of this database was performed, and a five-mode steadystate snowmobile engine duty cycle was developed. A test procedure, based on this five-mode duty cycle, has been defined, addressing requirements specific to snowmobile engines. A round-robin testing program was conducted by International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association (ISMA) member companies to validate and further develop this test procedure. Supporting emissions test results and analysis are presented on two snowmobile engines tested at six different laboratories. THE 1990 AMENDMENTS TO THE CLEAN AIR ACT broadened the scope of U.S. EPA rulemaking authority to include nonroad engines and vehicles. Similar actions are under consideration world-wide. This attention has encouraged the emission testing of snowmobile engines, most of which had previously been done using the J1088 small utility engine test procedure due to the lack of a specific snowmobile engine test procedure. In response to the developing interest in snowmobile emissions, the International Snowmobile Industry Association (forerunner of the International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association, or ISMA, which represents all snowmobile manufacturers) launched an effort to develop a representative test procedure for the measurement of exhaust emissions from snowmobile engines. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) was contracted to determine operating parameter data for snowmobiles under a variety of real-world operating conditions. SwRI applied statistical analysis to this database to determine representative operating points and weight factors, which were used to create a five-mode test cycle. This cycle was combined with the emissions measurement procedure defined in the U.S. EPA Marine Spark-Ignition Engine rule (40 CFR Part 91)(1)* to create a representative snowmobile emission test procedure. Round-robin testing was conducted on two snowmobile engines to refine and validate the procedure. BACKGROUND — SNOWMOBILE ENGINES Conventional snowmobiles are powered by two-stroke cycle spark-ignited engines, which offer the high power output and light weight necessary to achieve acceptable driveability of a tracked vehicle through heavy snow. Two-stroke engines also offer excellent cold weather starting in temperatures as low as –40°C. When properly tuned, these engines have a torque curve uniquely suited for a belt-type continuously variable transmission drivetrain. A snowmobile engine is typically configured with two or three cylinders in line, using crankcase compression charging, loop scavenging, and a pulse-tuned exhaust system. Cooling is by either air or liquid. The induction system is either piston port, rotary valve, or reed type, and the fuel system typically employs either carburetion or electronic fuel injection. The exhaust system is usually composed of one or more tuned pipe(s) followed by a muffler. * Subscript numbers in parentheses indicate references at end of paper.

EMISSION FACTORS FOR SMALL UTILITY ENGINES

A major gap exists in available baseline emissions data on the small utility engine population between the mid-1970s and present day. As part of the input required for a standard- setting process, the California Air Resources Board has funded limited laboratory emission measurements on a number of modern small engines, both 2-stroke and 4- stroke designs. Exhaust constituents characterized in this study include total hydrocarbons, reactive hydrocarbons (RHC), methane, CO, NOx, CO2, O2, aldehydes, and particulate matter. A total of nine engines were evaluated, spanning the range from the smallest widely- used 2-strokes (about 20 cc displacement) to 4-strokes approaching 20 hp. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 852385.

Marine outboard and personal watercraft engine gaseous emissions, and particulate emission test procedure development

The U.S. EPA and the California Air Resources Board have adopted standards to reduce emissions from recreational marine vessels. Existing regulations focus on reducing hydrocarbons. There are no regulations on particulate emissions; particulate is expected to be reduced as a side benefit of hydrocarbon control. The goal of this study was to develop a sampling methodology to measure partic late emissions from marine outboard and personal watercraft engines. Eight marine engines of various engine technologies and power output were tested. Emissions measured in this program included hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen. Particulate emissions will be presented in a follow-up paper.