Jennifer L. Bailey

Arrested Development: The Fight to End Commercial Whaling as a Case of Failed Norm Change

The International Whaling Commissions moratorium on commercial whaling took effect in 1986, seemingly marking the adoption of a new norm, that commercial whaling was no longer acceptable. But this norm has failed to become institutionalized. This article uses the norm life-cycle approach as developed by Finnemore and Sikkink (1998) to account for this failure. The effort ran aground because the norm proved unexpectedly ambiguous, a supporting epistemic community failed to emerge, the norm conflicted with other powerful norms, the prestige of the key anti-whaling states declined relative that of whaling states, and NGO tactics failed to win over the publics in key whaling states and instead created a counter-boomerang effect. The attempt may have resulted in the emergence of an alternative norm, but actors must act now to institutionalize it.

Stakeholder Perceptions of Links between Environmental Changes to their Socio-Ecological System and their Adaptive Capacity in the Region of Troms, Norway

Climate change affects the marine environment at all levels of governance. At a global level, researchers expect the projected increase in sea surface temperature to facilitate large changes in the marine food web, which in turn will affect both global fisheries and aquaculture. At the local level, government and stakeholders want to know whether and how this affects their local communities and their adaptive capacity in light of this. Research suggests that risk communication of the effects of changes in the marine food web suffers from stakeholders` short-term mentality and narrow boundaries. This in turn can lead to an underestimation of the potential risks associated with climate change. We explore this theory by mapping the perceptions of marine stakeholders in the region of Troms, Norway. We first developed cognitive maps in a workshop setting, and then used system conceptualization to analyze the feedback mechanisms of the system qualitatively using fuzzy cognitive mapping. We examined the outcomes and compared them for different scenarios using a simple MatLab script. Results demonstrated that stakeholders did not underestimate their risks to climate change. They were aware of environmental changes, and they perceived that a changing climate was the cause of this change, and that it was indeed affecting their livelihoods – and would continue to do so in the future.

States, Stocks, and Sovereignty: High Seas Fishing and the Expansion of State Sovereignty

This chapter examines the connection between environmental security and national security issues by focusing on the case of marine fisheries. States reacted to the explosive growth of marine fisheries in the post-World War II world by expanding their areas of jurisdiction. By the late 1970s, the 200nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was widely accepted, and the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) endorsed such zones. Catches of marine fish continued to rise, however, creating widespread fear at the end of the 1980s that key fisheries were in critical condition. The chapter argues that the most recent efforts to create an international regime for marine fisheries constitute an attempt to buttress traditional notions of state sovereignty by making the 200-nm boundary a viable one. In the longer run, however, UNCLOS and the UN Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Stocks increase the potential for international conflict by eroding traditional notions of boundaries and sovereignty in a world in which gaining access to marine fisheries resources is increasingly becoming a zero-sum game.

Coming Soon to a Fjord Near You: Future Jellyfish Scenarios in a Changing Climate

ABSTRACT Over the last decades, a dense population of the deep-sea/oceanic scyphozoan jellyfish Periphylla periphylla has established itself as top predator in the Trondheimsfjord in Norway, which has caused the traditional fisheries in this fjord to suffer. This was, however, not the first fjord this jellyfish invaded, and data suggest that it will not be the last one, either. With warmer temperatures, the jellyfish is moving northward in Norway, but not all fjords are created equal, and it is not thriving or taking up residence just anywhere. The current article explores three fjords in which Periphylla periphylla has become the top predator and outcompeted former ones. The main question of interest is why the jellyfish becomes dominant in one fjord and not another. The next question is which other Norwegian fjords further north exist with similar characteristics where we therefore would expect Periphylla periphylla to proliferate in the future. The latter is important from a policy and adaptation perspective for the local community of people, since the proliferation of the species unmistakably leads to fewer fish for commercial harvest and potentially less attractive waters for tourism purposes. Results show that three northern fjords, the Skjerstadfjorden the Holandsfjorden, and Stordjupna in the Vestfjord appear to be particularly vulnerable to a future Periphylla periphylla invasion.

Norway, the United States, and Commercial Whaling Political Culture and Social Movement Framing

Norway has long tried to portray itself as one of the most environmentally responsible states. But it has consistently refused to support the moratorium against commercial whaling. This article offers a cultural explanation for this seeming contradiction, by examining the way the global antiwhaling movement framed the issue and the Norwegian environmental organizations reframed it. It argues that two cultural differences are relevant. First, animal-rights organizations were an important part of the U.S. antiwhaling coalition, whereas such organizations are largely excluded from the Norwegian environmental activist community, where animal rights arguments have found little traction. Secondly, U.S. nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) operate in an adversarial pluralistic political culture, whereas the Norwegian environmental movement is embedded in a corporatist system where consensual decision making is the norm and has fostered a close relationship with the state. This has led to different images and strategic considerations being used by NGOs to frame the issue and ultimately to different decisions on the need for a moratorium.

Bridging the gap between fisheries science and society: exploring fisheries science as a social activity

Original Article Bridging the gap between fisheries science and society: exploring fisheries science as a social activity Jennifer L. Bailey,* Yajie Liu, and Jan Grimsrud Davidsen Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway *Corresponding author: tel: þ47 73598152; fax: +47 73591564; e-mail: jennifer.bailey@svt.ntnu.no

Free to Squander? Democracy, Institutional Design, and Economic Sustainability, 1975-2000

While democracy’s effect on economic growth has come under intense empirical scrutiny, its effect on economic sustainability has been noticeably neglected. We assess the effects of regime type and democratic institutional design on economic, or “weak” sustainability. Sustainability requires that stocks of capital do not depreciate in value over time. The World Bank gauges the rate of net investment in manufactured, human, and natural capital, a unified indicator of weak sustainability (the genuine savings rate). All four indicators of democracy we examine show that freer societies have higher genuine savings rates because they invest more in human capital, create less CO2 damage, and extract fewer natural resources per economic unit produced, even if they show lower net investment in manufactured capital. Democracies may trade off immediate material welfare gains for future pay-offs. This finding justifies why scholars should assess the effects of regime type on more than just immediate growth or the rate of change of manufactured capital. Among democracies, we find that pure parliamentary systems spend more on education than do presidential ones, but exhibit no statistically significant difference for the overall genuine savings rate. Proportional representation electoral systems fare worse than plurality when it comes to genuine and net national savings, even though they do better on education spending. The results taken together show that differences in regime type and democratic institutional design allow for different trade-offs. The results are robust to a range of specifications and a developing country only sub- sample.