Jennifer W. Spencer

Country Institutional Profiles: Unlocking Entrepreneurial Phenomena

This study introduces and validates a measure of country institutional profile for entrepreneurship consisting of regulatory, cognitive, and normative dimensions. Subscales based on data from six c...

The relationship among national institutional structures, economic factors, and domestic entrepreneurial activity: a multicountry study

Abstract We draw on the construct of a country institutional profile to identify normative, cognitive, and regulatory institutional structures that may influence a countrys entrepreneurial activity. Results show that these three dimensions of the institutional profile, as well as economic factors such as per capita GDP, play distinct roles in promoting entrepreneurial activity in a country. Normative institutions were marginally associated with the most basic form of entrepreneurship, self-employment, but not with more advanced forms of entrepreneurship. Cognitive institutions explained the prevalence of small firms in a country, as well as the number of new companies listed on the countrys stock exchange. Regulatory institutions associated with new listings on the countrys stock exchange. Per capita GDP explained basic forms of entrepreneurship but, contrary to expectations, the countrys unemployment rate associated only with the most advanced form of entrepreneurship. Implications for entrepreneurs, researchers, and policymakers are discussed.

How Relevant is University-Based Scientific Research to Private High-Technology Firms? A United States–Japan Comparison

This cross-national study explores the relative contributions of academic and corporate research to subsequent industrial R&D activities within one industry. Japanese university research emerged as...

Institutions and Firm Strategy: Exploring the Interface between Firms and Institutions

Firms competing in international markets face a host of challenges. Understanding market conditions and risks is important, but equally salient are institutional issues. This symposium will feature...