Jeno Hancsók

Production of Bio Gas Oil from Bioparaffins over Pt/sapo-11

In this paper a new field of the application of Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst is introduced. The isomerization of C12-C20 paraffin mixtures produced from rapeseed oil was investigated over different platinum containing (0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.7; 1.0 %) SAPO-11 catalysts at 300-400°C, 30-80 bar; 0.5-4.0 h -1 LHSV and 200-800 Nm 3 /m 3 H2/HC ratio. It was concluded that economically the most favourable results (high isomer content at high yield) could be obtained using SAPO-11 catalyst with 0.4 % platinum content. At the favourable operational parameters (determined in compromise by the product yield, the ratio of monoand multibarched paraffins, the place of branchings) (T= 360 °C; p=5060 bar; LHSV 1.0-1.5 h -1 , H2/HC = 350 Nm 3 /m 3 ) high isoparaffin containing mixtures were produced with high liquid yield (>90%) and high i-C12 i-C20 selectivity. The cetane numbers of these products were 75-85 units (EU Standard value is ≥51), and the cold filter plugging points were between -2 and -11 °C.

Co-processing of FCC Light Cycle Oil and Waste Animal Fats with Straight Run Gas Oil Fraction

In the European Union the demand for middle distillates is growing, while a decrease in gasoline demand can be observed. Even the most complex refineries are not able to produce the economic yield distribution from the processed crude oil which constantly meets the changing market demand. The growing need for gasoil can be more and more exclusively satisfied by using unconventional feedstocks, such as biooriginated resources and less valuable refinery streams. The possibilities of quality upgrade of mixtures containing straight run gasoil, light cycle oil and waste animal grease in different ratios were examined during the series of experiments. The effects of the main reaction conditions (temperature: 300 380 °C, pressure: 40 70 bar, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV): 0.75 -3.0 h -1 H2/feed ratio: 600 Nm 3 /m 3 ) on the quality and quantity of products were studied. A favourable reaction parameter combination was chosen to reach the total conversion of triglycerides into alkanes, the saturation of significant part of the aromatic compounds and the desulphurization of straight run gas oil took place. The high cetane number of alkanes, produced during the conversion of triglycerides, compensate the low cetane number of products from the saturation of aromatic components.

Production of Bio Gas Oil Containing Diesel Fuel with Upgraded Cold Flow Properties by Co-processing

The aim of our experimental work was to investigate the applicability of a catalyst bed compiled of various compositions of hydrogenation catalysts to produce bio-component containing diesel fuel by co-processing of gas oil with vegetable oil. We investigated the heterogeneous catalytic transformability of gas oil fractions with 0, 5, 15, 25 % sunflower oil content at 50-80 bar pressure, 300380°C temperature (LHSV = 0.75-3.0 h -1 and H2/HC ratio 600 Nm 3 /m 3 ) on catalyst systems containing only the main catalyst and the three catalyst layers as well. In case of both catalytic systems and under the favourable operational conditions (360 380 °C, P = 80 bar, LHSV = 0.75-1.0 h -1 , H2/HC=600 Nm 3 /m 3 ) the main properties of the high-yield products made from maximum 0-15 % vegetable oil containing feedstocks satisfy the requirements of standard EN 590:2009+A1:2010. The amount of vegetable oil higher than 15 % reduced the desulphurisation efficiency. By using the catalyst bed prepared of the three catalysts products with CFPP value reduced by 3-4 °C could be produced as in case of using only the main catalyst.

Production of diesel fuel via hydrogenation of rancid lard and gas oil mixtures

For the second generation bio-fuels the most promising product mixtures are the bio gas oils and diesel fuels containing bio gas oils. These products are in the gas oil boiling point range and made by catalytic hydrogenation of pure triglycerides or triglyceride-gas oil mixtures. The bio gas oil product is a mixture of n- and i-paraffins. During the experimental work our aim was to investigate the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of rancid lard and its 50% mixtures of gas oil fraction on sulphided CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst. During a series of experiments we studied the effects of the different feedstocks (lard content of 50-100%) and the process parameters (temperature: 300-380 °C, pressure 40-80 bar, LHSV: 1.0-2.0 h -1 , H2/feedstock rate: 600 Nm 3 /m 3 ) on the yield and quality of the products. We assessed that in the course of the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation the deoxygenation of the triglyceride part of the feedstock occurred while the removal of the sulphur and nitrogen content and the saturation of the aromatic content took place with a high degree as well. In the course of the experiments we managed to make excellent quality products, which are suitable for the use in Diesel-engines.

Motor fuel purpose hydrogenation of used cooking oils

The liquid motorfuels are the main power source both of the commercial and public transportation. Renewable fuels can play significant role to achieve the EU’s plan, to reach the 10 % energy ratio of total fuel consumption until 2020. To achieve all this goals the European Union created the 2003/30/EC and further the 2009/28/EC directives. Unconventional feedstocks were investigated, for example non edible hybrids of oilseed plants such as rapeseed oils with high euric acid content or sunflower oils with high oleic acid content, used cooking oil. Beside the sustainability and the technical compatibility of these compounds with the current engine and vehicle constructions should be ensure, thus this bio components can be blend in the motor fuels unlimited quantity. The maximum amount of bio-component can be applied in motor fuels is 10 % bio-ethanol in gasoline and 7 % fatty acid-methyl-ester in diesel fuel. In this context heterogen catalytic hydrogenation of used cooking oil was studied on aluminium-oxide supported transition metal catalyst. The applied operation parameters were the following: temperature; 320 - 380 °C, pressure: 20 - 80 bar, LHSV: 1.0 h

Fuel Purpose Hydrotreating of Free Fatty Acid By-products and Heavy Straight Run Gas Oil

The European Union (EU) has set a target in the 2009/28/EC directive, which aims that the share of biofuels in transportation has to be at least 10 energy % in 2020. However, only half of this target can be met by first generation biofuels (produced from sugars, oil crops, etc.). For this reason, the EU supports and encourages the development and application of advanced biofuels (0.5 energy % indicative target in 2015/1513/EC directive). So, the research and development of newer generation biofuels for Diesel engines are important, due to the high level gas oil consumption of the EU. Nowadays, the most widely used biocomponent of gas oils is biodiesel, which consists of a mixture of various fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and has many disadvantages. The actual diesel fuel product standard of EU (EN 590:2013) limits the blending rate of biodiesel to 7.0 V/V % and the preEN 16734 limits biodiesel to 10.0 V/V% maximum. . Biodiesel could be replaced by bio gas oil, which is produced by catalytic hydrogenation of triglycerides and/or fatty acids from different origins (e.g. wastes, animal fats). Bio gas oil is a mixture of nand iso-paraffins in gas oil boiling range and they are the most favourable energy source for running Diesel engines. The second generation bio gas oil is an excellent gas oil blending component and it is preferred by the car manufacturers, too. Consequently, the aim of our research work was to produce advanced biofuel, a gas oil blending component with bio gas oil content from waste feedstock. During our experiments we investigated the fuel purpose hydrogenation of waste free fatty acid by-products of vegetable oil processing (0 %, 3 %, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %) and heavy straight run gas oil mixtures on a commercial NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst. The effects of feed compositions and process parameters (temperature, pressure, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), hydrogen/feedstock ratio) on the quality and quantity of the main product were investigated. The applied process parameters were the following: P = 40 50 60 bar, T = 300 375 °C, LSHV = 1.0 2.0 h, hydrogen/feedstock ratio = 400 Nm/m.

Energy saving processes of biofuel production from fermentation broth

The energy used for distillation in bioethanol production reaches the 40 % of the total energy demand. The pervaporation is an important alternative process to distillation that can be applied as a hybrid process or even as a single process to produce high quality biofuel. It will be shown how the energy demand, MJ/kgEthanol energy, can be saved applying pervaporation process with different separation factors and operating modes. It is stated that relatively high separation factor is needed to lower the energy demand below a simple distillation column.

The oligomerization of olefin hydrocarbons in light FCC naphtha on ion exchange resin catalyst

In our experimental work our aim was the investigation of the possibility to convert olefin hydrocarbons of a light FCC naphtha fraction with oligomerization. In this framework, we studied the production possibilities of higher carbon number isoolefin rich motor fuel blending components, with oligomerization of the C4-C6 olefin content of the feedstock on water-containing acidic ion exchange resin catalysts. From the studied catalysts the ion exchange resin showed the highest oligomerization activity: the conversion of the olefins was 90.9 % and the share of oligomer products was 29.0 %. After hydrogenation of the C8-C16 isoolefin mixture, the octane number of gasoline product is around 100, the JET product has high energy content and low crystallization point, the cetane number of gas oil product is high and it has a good CFPP (cold filter plugging point). So with these two catalytic steps valuable products can be produced from light olefin-containing refinery by-products.

Investigation of quality improving of waste origin bio-paraffins

The liquid engine fuels are the main power source of the transportation in the passenger sector. Within this, the waste originated engine fuels can play the main role to achieve the prediction of EU, to reach the 10 % ratio of the renewable fuels until 2020. Thus the sustainable and environmental friendly production of this components is momentous. To achieve all this goals the European Union created the 2003/30/EC and further the 2009/28/EC Directives to encourage the bio components blending in the engine fuels. Nowadays the research, development and market entry of the second generation or new generation biofuels are under introduction. The main reason is the demand for better quality fuels and wider raw material basis. All of these above mentioned reasons explain the investigation of unconventional feedstocks which do not endanger the security of food supplement and/or can be processed with lower operation costs. For example these feedstocks can be non-edible hybrids such as rapeseed oils with high euric acid content obtained from special hybrids of rape (e.g. Brassica Napus) or high oleic acid containing oil sunflowers (Saaten Union Capella) waste lards (used cooking oil, slaughterhouse lards) or raw materials from long term unused agricultural area (abandoned area). The precondition of availability is the sustainable and the technical compatibility with running engine and vehicle construction, thus this bio components can be blended in the motor fuels unlimited quantity. Considering the utilization properties of currently used first generation biofuels, the maximum amount of biocomponent in the applied motor is 10 % bioethanol in the case of gasoline and 7 % fatty acid methyl ester in the case of diesel fuels. One of the reliable production technology of second generation biofules which can be blended into diesel fuels is the heterogenic catalytic hydrogenation of triglycerides and waste lards. In this context we studied the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of used cooking oils on aluminium-oxide supported transition metal catalyst. The applied operation parameters were the following: temperature: 320 – 380 °C, pressure: 20 80 bar, LHSV: 1.0 h -1 , H2/hydrocarbon ratio: 600 Nm 3 /m 3 . The yield of gas oil boiling range products at the favourable operation parameters was close to the theoretical yield (80 – 90 %). The quality characteristics of these products were very favourable; for example the cetane number was higher than 75, the aromatic content was lower than 0.1 % and the sulphur content was lower than 5 mg/kg. To sum it up, the quality characteristics satisfied the CWA 15940:2009 (9th March) NSAI standard’s (Automotive fuels – Paraffinic Diesel from synthesis gas hydrotreatment – Requirements and test methods) requirements. The actual EN 590:2013 standard does not limit the blending rate of these bio components, while on the other hand the blending of biodiesel (fatty-acid-methyl ester) is limited (max 7 v/v%). Consequently these products which were obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils can be blended in gasoil up to 10 %, and this way we can meet the requirements of the EU which prescribe at least 10-80 % bio component blending in motor fuels by 2020.

Biocomponent containing jet fuel production with using coconut oil

Recent demands for low aromatic content jet fuels have shown significant increase in the last 20 years. This was generated by the growing of aviation. Furthermore, the quality requirements have become more aggravated for jet fuels. This was generated by the more severe environmental regulations and the increasing demand for performance requirements. Nowadays reduced aromatic hydrocarbon fractions are necessary for the production of jet fuels with good burning properties, which contribute to less harmful material emission. The aim of our experimental work was to study the catalytic transformability to jet fuel of coconut oil at different process parameters (temperature, pressure, liquid hourly space velocity, H2/feedstock volume ratio). We carried out the experiments on a metal/support catalyst (T = 280 - 360 °C, LHSV = 1.0 - 3.0 h -1 , P= 30 bar, H2/feedstock volume ratio = 600 Nm 3 /m 3 ). Based on the experimental results in case of the studied feedstock the yield and the properties of the products were favourable at the following process parameter combinations: temperature 360°C, pressure 30 bar, LHSV 1.0 h -1 , volume ratio H2/feedstock volume ratio 600 Nm 3 /m 3 . Based on the quality properties of the product mixtures we determined that we successfully produced products with a high yield (approaching theoretical yield >90 %), that have a reduced aromatic content, their performance properties are excellent. These are excellent jet fuel blending components, what are compatible with current fuel systems and jet fuel blending components, they damage the environment less.