Jerry A. Moore

Calcification of the bladder and papillary tumours of the bladder and ureters in gibbons (Hylobates lar) infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran)

Many species of nonhuman primates have been employed to find parasite-definitive host combinations which would allow for investigations on different aspects of schistosomiasis haematobia. Gibbons (Hylobates lar), exposed to moderate numbers of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae, have demonstrated some of the basic features of schistosomiasis haematobia in man. Calcification in schistosomiasis haematobia is variable. Radiologically evident calcification of the bladder was noted in one gibbon. Radio-opaque areas in the bladder corresponded to dense deposits of calcified eggs observed on histological examination. Thus, it seems, bladder calcification, thought to be a later complication of schistosomiasis, can develop fairly rapidly. One of two gibbons killed 11 months after infection had small papillary transitional cell tumours in both ureters. The other had papillary transitional cell tumours covering most of the urinary bladder surface. No invasion of muscle by tumour was present and no metastases were seen.

Babesia microti Infections in Nonhuman Primates

(x2 = 11.33, df = 2, P < 0.01). From these results, it was concluded that there was heterogeneity in allele frequencies among the populations surveyed. As shown in Table II, GPI of P. miyazakii was polymorphic in two out of the three populations (ST 1 and 2), though the level of the polymorphism was relatively low. Enzyme polymorphisms have been found in other parasitic helminths, Contracaecum (Vrijenhoek, 1978, J. Parasitol. 64: 790-798) and Ascaris suum (Zee et al., 1970, Biochem. Genet. 4: 253-257). Although the mechanism of the = 11.3 , df = 2, P < 0.01). From these remaintenance of the enzyme polymorphisms in these parasitic helminths is yet unknown, additional evidence of enzyme polymorphism of P. miyazakii may suggest some biological significancy of enzyme polymorphism in helminths. The author is grateful to Prof. N. Suzuki and Dr. Y. Hashiguchi, Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Japan, for their critical readings of the manuscript. This study was supported in part by Scientific Research Grant No. 577206 (1980) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. l or is s in i o , adl or is of i lo ical sig-

Schistosoma intercalatum fisher, 1934 (Cameroon) infection in the patas monkey (Erythrocebus pat as schreber, 1775)

Abstract Kuntz R. E. , McCullough B. , Huang T. C. and Moore J. A. 1978. Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 (Cameroon) infection in the patas monkey ( Erythrocebus patas Schreber, 1775). International Journal for Parasitology 8 : 65–68. Patas monkeys ( Erythrocebus patas ) have been infected with Schistosoma intercalatum , a schistosome of increasing concern in Africa, to study definitive host-parasite relationships. A high compatibility for parasitism in the S. intercalatum -patas monkey system was demonstrated suggesting this combination for long-term investigations in which minimal parasite destruction by the host would be expected. Egg production by S. intercalatum was high. Most eggs are deposited in the large intestine, but they elicit only slight pathology. No pathologic involvement of the urinary bladder was observed, in contrast to previous investigations in which other species of nonhuman primates infected with S. intercalatum developed extensive pathology.

Multifocal candidiasis in a capuchin monkey (Cebus apella).

Candidiasis involving nasal, pharyngeal, and intestinal mucosal surfaces and a pharyngeal lymph node was demonstrated microscopically in a young adult female capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran strain). Persistent nasal exudation and weight loss characterized the clinical disease preceding the animals death.

Schistosoma haematobium: Experimental infection in capuchin monkey, Cebus apella

Abstract South American capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) have been included in a series of nonhuman primates under evaluation for their potential use as models in a study of the basic biology of Schistosoma haematobium. Emphasis has been given to involvement of the urogenital system, a prominent feature of infection in man. Preliminary observations on Cebus apella with moderate numbers of S. haematobium from Iran showed that there may be serious involvement of the urogenital system with development of pronounced hydronephrosis accompanied by pathobiological alteration of the urinary bladder, ureters, and kidneys. There were heavy deposits of parasite eggs in the major viscera.

Distribution of egg deposits and gross lesions in nonhuman primates infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran).

Widespread tissue egg deposits and gross lesions were recorded in 15 species of primates subsequent to Schistosoma haematobium (Iran) infections of variable intensity and duration. Considerable extra-intestinal involvement as well as pathology in different parts of the urogenital system were observed. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was recorded for Cebus apella.

Susceptibility of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) to infection by mammalian schistosomes.

Abstract In a study of host-schistosome relationships, the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) was exposed to 500 cercariae of Schistosoma bovis (Kenya), S. intercalation (Cameroon), S. mattheei (South Africa), 2 strains of S. mansoni (Puerto Rico and South Africa), 2 strains of S. rodhaini (Uganda and Kenya), and Schistosomatium douthitti (North America). It is apparent that the squirrel monkey can be employed as an experimental host for a broad range of mammalian schistosomes. Based upon cercariae-adult worm ratios, it is a good host for S. intercalatum , S. mattheei , the Puerto Rico and South Africa strains of S. mansoni , and Schistosomatium , but only a fair host for S. bovis and the Uganda and Kenya strains of S. rodhaini . Individuality of host-parasite relationships is borne out by the great ranges recorded for egg deposits in different organs as well as by total body egg counts and eggs/worm pair.

Parasitological aspects of Schistosoma haematobium (Iran) infection in the American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis L.).

Abstract Parasitological studies on 25 American opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) exposed to 1000 cercariae each of S. haematobium (Iran) have indicated a host-parasite situation and general parasitological conditions which show this marsupial to be a satisfactory host for experimental schistosomiasis. The return of schistosomes in relation to cercarial exposure was not excessively high, but there were egg deposits in the major visceral organs. Varied macroscopic pathology due to egg deposits in different organs was demonstrated as well as a potential for urinary bladder involvement, including tumor formation. Even though the precise nature of tumor pathology is not yet known, availability of the host, a good host-parasite compatability, and a low death rate in infected hosts favor this mammal as a model for experimental schistosomiasis haematobia.

Resistance of capuchin monkeys to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium.

Capuchin monkeys were resistant to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium one year after exposure to 500 cercariae, but worms in these monkeys continued to produce normal numbers of eggs. Monkeys were apparently completely refractory to reinfection when challenged 2-5 years after an initial exposure of 1000 to 2000 cercariae.

Antigens in the serum of Macaca fascicularis infected with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti.

reacts with S. mansoni infection serum (Serrano and Hillyer, pers. comm.) is noteworthy because this antigen may be biochemically similar to the prominent labeled 60,000 molecular weight peak that we found in both S. mansoni and S. haematobium. Clearly, more work is needed to characterize what appear to be common antigens among these parasites. eacts with S. mansoni infectio s rum (Serano and Hillyer, pe s. comm.) is noteworthy Supported in part by Grant No. 16717 from he National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and by the Naval Medical Research and Development Command Work Unit Nos. ZF58.524.009.0053 and MR041.05.01.0023. pported in part by Grant No. 16717 from