Tao-cheng Huang

Scanning electron microscopy of the integumental surfaces of Schistosoma haematobium.

The integumental surfaces of critical point dried S. haematobium were studied by scanning electron microscopy at 34 to 8,000 magnifications. There are marked differences between the surface structures of male and female as well as from one part of the same parasite to another. The surface of the male schistosome is moderately rough while that of the female is relatively smooth. SEM reveals certain basic features such as spines in the oral sucker and the acetabulum of both sexes which may facilitate rasping and/or attachment of the parasite for residence in the bloodstream of the definitive host. The lining of the gynecophoral canal is roughened by minute spines. The presence of a gynecophoral fold may enhance anchorage of the female in the grasp of the male. The significance of visualization of surface features by SEM as a means for differentiating species is not yet known.

Scanning electron microscopy of integumental surfaces of Schistosoma intercalatum.

Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study critical point dried Schistosoma intercalatum adults at 120 to 6,000 X magnifications. Well-developed integrumental elevations, or bosses, with variable spination account for the roughness of the male schistosome. The female is relatively smooth even though it possesses minute spines on the posterior part of the body. SEM reveals that the gynecophoral canal of the male, especially the presence of a gynecophoral fold, provides an effective means for clasping the female when in copula.

Scanning electron microscopy of the integument of Schistosoma mattheei Veglia & Le Roux, 1929.

SOLOMION, M. E. 1951. Control of humidity with potassium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, or other solutions. Bull. Ent. Res., 42: 543-554. SPURR, A. R. 1969. A low viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastr. Res., 26: 31-43. STEPHENSON, T. A. 1928. The British Sea Anemones. The Royal Society, London. THORNTHWAITE, C. W. 1940. Atmospheric moisture in relation to ecological problems. Ecology, 21: 17-28. WALLACE, L. R. 1972. Some factors affecting vertical distribution and resistance to desiccat:on in the limpet, Acmaea testudinalis (Muller). Biol. Bull., 142: 186-193.

Pathology of Schistosoma haematobium infection in the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)

Capuchin monkeys exposed to 500-2000 Schistosoma haematobium cercariae were followed for up to 6 1/2 years after infection. Worm burdens decreased as infections became more chronic and decreasing numbers of eggs and active circumoval lesions were found in the bladder and elsewhere. Nodular and hyperplastic epithelial lesions of the urinary bladder were not seen during the first year of infection but occurred in 30% of monkeys examined 1-2 years after infection and in 23% of those examined between the second and third years; they were present in only 3% of monkeys studied 3-6 1/2 years after infection. These epithelial proliferative lesions were located near foci of egg deposition and occurred in the monkeys with the most intense active lesions in the bladder. The lesions regressed in animals followed sequentially. The lesions thus appear not to be neoplastic. Obstructive lesions of the ureter accompanied by hydronephrosis were present in a few animals. The obstructive uropathy did not appear to cause significant morbidity. Mortality was substantial among infected monkeys at most intervals after infection but was rare among uninfected controls.

Schistosoma intercalatum fisher, 1934 (Cameroon) infection in the patas monkey (Erythrocebus pat as schreber, 1775)

Abstract Kuntz R. E. , McCullough B. , Huang T. C. and Moore J. A. 1978. Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 (Cameroon) infection in the patas monkey ( Erythrocebus patas Schreber, 1775). International Journal for Parasitology 8 : 65–68. Patas monkeys ( Erythrocebus patas ) have been infected with Schistosoma intercalatum , a schistosome of increasing concern in Africa, to study definitive host-parasite relationships. A high compatibility for parasitism in the S. intercalatum -patas monkey system was demonstrated suggesting this combination for long-term investigations in which minimal parasite destruction by the host would be expected. Egg production by S. intercalatum was high. Most eggs are deposited in the large intestine, but they elicit only slight pathology. No pathologic involvement of the urinary bladder was observed, in contrast to previous investigations in which other species of nonhuman primates infected with S. intercalatum developed extensive pathology.

Distribution of egg deposits and gross lesions in nonhuman primates infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran).

Widespread tissue egg deposits and gross lesions were recorded in 15 species of primates subsequent to Schistosoma haematobium (Iran) infections of variable intensity and duration. Considerable extra-intestinal involvement as well as pathology in different parts of the urogenital system were observed. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was recorded for Cebus apella.

Susceptibility of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) to infection by mammalian schistosomes.

Abstract In a study of host-schistosome relationships, the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) was exposed to 500 cercariae of Schistosoma bovis (Kenya), S. intercalation (Cameroon), S. mattheei (South Africa), 2 strains of S. mansoni (Puerto Rico and South Africa), 2 strains of S. rodhaini (Uganda and Kenya), and Schistosomatium douthitti (North America). It is apparent that the squirrel monkey can be employed as an experimental host for a broad range of mammalian schistosomes. Based upon cercariae-adult worm ratios, it is a good host for S. intercalatum , S. mattheei , the Puerto Rico and South Africa strains of S. mansoni , and Schistosomatium , but only a fair host for S. bovis and the Uganda and Kenya strains of S. rodhaini . Individuality of host-parasite relationships is borne out by the great ranges recorded for egg deposits in different organs as well as by total body egg counts and eggs/worm pair.

Parasitological aspects of Schistosoma haematobium (Iran) infection in the American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis L.).

Abstract Parasitological studies on 25 American opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) exposed to 1000 cercariae each of S. haematobium (Iran) have indicated a host-parasite situation and general parasitological conditions which show this marsupial to be a satisfactory host for experimental schistosomiasis. The return of schistosomes in relation to cercarial exposure was not excessively high, but there were egg deposits in the major visceral organs. Varied macroscopic pathology due to egg deposits in different organs was demonstrated as well as a potential for urinary bladder involvement, including tumor formation. Even though the precise nature of tumor pathology is not yet known, availability of the host, a good host-parasite compatability, and a low death rate in infected hosts favor this mammal as a model for experimental schistosomiasis haematobia.

Antigens in the serum of Macaca fascicularis infected with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti.

reacts with S. mansoni infection serum (Serrano and Hillyer, pers. comm.) is noteworthy because this antigen may be biochemically similar to the prominent labeled 60,000 molecular weight peak that we found in both S. mansoni and S. haematobium. Clearly, more work is needed to characterize what appear to be common antigens among these parasites. eacts with S. mansoni infectio s rum (Serano and Hillyer, pe s. comm.) is noteworthy Supported in part by Grant No. 16717 from he National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and by the Naval Medical Research and Development Command Work Unit Nos. ZF58.524.009.0053 and MR041.05.01.0023. pported in part by Grant No. 16717 from

Experimental schistosomiasis haematobia in bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus), Patas (Erythrocebus patas), and Grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus), patas (Erythrocebus patas), and grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops) have been evaluated as hosts in experimental schistosomiasis haematobia. Individual hosts demonstrated considerable variation in host-parasite relationships. E. patas is suggested as a host for continuing investigations in Schistosoma haematobium infections, based upon its moderate susceptibility to infection and a moderate potential for pathological involvement of the urogenital system.