Jerzy Merkisz

New Trends in Emission Control in the European Union

This book discusses recent changes in the European legislation for exhaust emissions from motor vehicles. It starts with a comprehensive explanation of both the structure and range of applicability of new regulations, such as Euro 5 and Euro 6 for light-duty vehicles and Euro VI for heavy-duty vehicles. Then it introduces the most important issues in in-service conformity and conformity of production for vehicles, describing the latest procedures for performing exhaust emissions tests under both bench and operating conditions. Subsequently, it reports on portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) and their application for assessing the emissions of gaseous and particulate matter alike, under actual operating conditions and in all transport modes. Lastly, the book presents selected findings from exhaust emissions research on engines for a variety of transport vehicles, such as light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, as well as non-road vehicles, which include farm tractors, groundwork and forest machinery, diesel locomotives, high-rail vehicles, combat vehicles and special-purpose vehicles. This work offers a valuable reference guide for researchers and professionals dealing with environmental regulations and vehicle manufacturing in the European Union.

The analysis of the PEMS measurements of the exhaust emissions from city buses using different research procedures

The paper discusses the possibilities of measurement of the exhaust emissions generated by city buses operating in public transit. The currently used methods of exhaust emission measurement under laboratory conditions on engine test beds do not entirely reflect the varied driving conditions under which the vehicles are operated. The paper presents the results of the in-use exhaust emission measurements performed on city buses using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). The paper focuses on the road tests methodology as well as the interpretation of the obtained results.

Proecological approach to modelling traffic organization in national transport system

The paper presents a general approach to modelling traffic organization within the network of national transport system and with taking into account environmental aspects. General description of the model and necessary data for modelling are presented. The exact mathematical formulation of constrains and criteria functions assessing quality of traffic organization and taking into account level of emission of harmful compounds of exhaust gases are provided. The assessment of traffic organization in transport network is made in aspect of programming transport system development in ecological terms. Particular attention was paid to technical and ecological features of infrastructure and means of transport. What is important, model uses emission indexes set in real traffic conditions. The example of multi-variant distribution of freight traffic into the transport network is provided. Example was prepared with regard to environmental factors in simulation modelling tool EMITRANSYS developed in PTV VISUM.

Exhaust emissions from modes of transport under actual traffic conditions

The paper characterizes state-of-the-art PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment for exhaust emissions measurement under actual operating conditions. This equipment allows for measurement of the exhaust emissions from all modes of transport. In addition, the paper contains the results of exhaust emission research for engines of a variety of transport applications such as light duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles or non-road vehicles (farm tractors, groundwork and forest machinery). Own exhaust emission research results performed under different traffic conditions of new motor vehicles fuelled with different fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel and natural gas) have been compared with the type approval values that define the vehicle emission indexes. The analysis has been performed in relation to a vehicle but the proposed measurement methodology is also knitted to the engine operating conditions. The testing of heavy-duty vehicles described in the book was divided into several stages for which the results obtained for these vehicles were compared for loaded and unloaded vehicles. Ecological advantages of the city buses of different powertrain configurations have been determined (diesel, hybrid) on selected regular bus lines in the city center.

Nanoparticle Emissions from Combustion Engines

This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.

EXHAUST EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORT

Economic development of nations leads to a higher living comfort of the society. Rich societies want to move safely and independently and demand immediate availability of purchased goods or – in the case of Internet shopping – delivery in the shortest possible time. Such an approach facilitates a continuous growth in the number of road vehicles. At the current level of technology advancement, an increasing number of vehicles results in a growth of the consumption of fossil fuels, which entails increased exhaust emissions and that, in turn, has a negative impact on the health of the living organisms. Another negative consequence of an increased number of vehicles (increased road congestion) is the emission of noise. This problem is particularly significant in large agglomerations where people are surrounded by moving vehicles. This paper presents the extent of influence of the automotive industry on the natural environment and the extent of changes in vehicle design and organization of road infrastructure that were instituted to reduce the transport’s environmental burden. The further part of the paper presents a definition of the development of sustainable transport, its advantages and hurdles that we may encounter when modernizing a transport system. Subsequently in the paper, the measurements under actual vehicle operating conditions were described together with the possibilities of analysis of the research results and the advantages resulting from such an approach during the assessment of the impact of the automotive industry on the natural environment.

Analysis of an Increase in the Efficiency of a Spark Ignition Engine Through the Application of an Automotive Thermoelectric Generator

We have analyzed the increase of the overall efficiency of a spark ignition engine through energy recovery following the application of an automotive thermoelectric generator (ATEG) of our own design. The design of the generator was developed following emission investigations during vehicle driving under city traffic conditions. The measurement points were defined by actual operation conditions (engine speed and load), subsequently reproduced on an engine dynamometer. Both the vehicle used in the on-road tests and the engine dynamometer were fit with the same, downsized spark ignition engine (with high effective power-to-displacement ratio). The thermodynamic parameters of the exhaust gases (temperature and exhaust gas mass flow) were measured on the engine testbed, along with the fuel consumption and electric current generated by the thermoelectric modules. On this basis, the power of the ATEG and its impact on overall engine efficiency were determined.

The Analysis of Exhaust Gas Thermal Energy Recovery Through a TEG Generator in City Traffic Conditions Reproduced on a Dynamic Engine Test Bed

We present an analysis of thermal energy recovery through a proprietary thermoelectric generator (TEG) in an actual vehicle driving cycle reproduced on a dynamic engine test bed. The tests were performed on a 1.3-L 66-kW diesel engine. The TEG was fitted in the vehicle exhaust system. In order to assess the thermal energy losses in the exhaust system, advanced portable emission measurement system research tools were used, such as Semtech DS by Sensors. Aside from the exhaust emissions, the said analyzer measures the exhaust mass flow and exhaust temperature, vehicle driving parameters and reads and records the engine parameters. The difficulty related to the energy recovery measurements under actual traffic conditions, particularly when passenger vehicles and TEGs are used, spurred the authors to develop a proprietary method of transposing the actual driving cycle as a function V = f(t) onto the engine test bed, opn which the driving profile, previously recorded in the city traffic, was reproduced. The length of the cycle was 12.6 km. Along with the motion parameters, the authors reproduced the parameters of the vehicle and its transmission. The adopted methodology enabled high repeatability of the research trials while still ensuring engine dynamic states occurring in the city traffic.

Emission tests of the F100-PW-229 turbine jet engine during pre-flight verification of the F-16 aircraft

The operation of military aircraft is associated with the realization of objectives that are connected with national defence. Particular importance is attributed to the defence of national borders and airspace. In the realization of the above, one of the best are multirole jet fighter planes such as F16. A continuous readiness of the aircraft to perform the military tasks requires certain diagnostic procedures that verify their condition. One of them is a pre-flight trial during which the functioning of all aircraft components, including the power train is tested. The testing of the engine consists in the evaluation of several parameters for the assumed setting of the power lever and allows evaluating the operational capability as regards the realization of the flight. However, it is impossible to retrieve information on the condition of the engine. Hence, it seems reasonable to introduce an additional procedure enabling the determination of the concentrations of the exhaust emission components in order to monitor the aircraft engine condition. The paper presents the results of research on the exhaust emissions from a multirole F16 aircraft during the pre-flight trial. The aim of this project was to verify the possibilities of measurement of the exhaust emissions during the trial, the evaluation of the exhaust emissions at varied power lever settings and the obtainment of the preliminary data for the evaluation of the exhaust emissions during tests under aircraft actual operating conditions. The obtained data were used for the calculation of the relations characterizing the influence of the operating parameters of the engine on the exhaust emissions. The paper presents the results of the tests and their analyses allowing an evaluation of the possibilities of application of this type of stationary tests for the determination of the exhaust emissions from turbine jet engines.

Emission tests in city buses under real road conditions

This paper will present the results of real road emission measurements performed under real traffic conditions in the city of Poznan. The tests were carried out in the morning and afternoon hours. The conditions were pre-selected so as to ensure the highest possible reflection of the actual traffic conditions: passenger count on a given bus route that would reflect typical parameters for the Poznan routes. The tests were carried out over a period of two days (Friday, Saturday) characteristic of a very small and very high passenger count and high and medium traffic congestion. The objects of the tests were the buses manufactured by Solaris: one of the vehicles was fitted with a hybrid engine (Hybrid H18) and the other operated on a conventional drive train. The buses were selected based on their similarities in terms of passenger capacity and length. They were selected to enable a comparison of their functionality and environment friendliness under real road conditions (the engines complied with the Euro V standard).