Jessica Röhner

Exaggeration is Harder Than Understatement, but Practice Makes Perfect!

Previous research on the fakeability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) yielded inconsistent results. The present study simultaneously analyses several relevant factors: faking direction, type of instructions, and practice. Furthermore, it takes baseline individual differences into account. After a baseline assessment in a self-esteem IAT without faking instructions (t0), participants in the faking conditions then (t1) faked high or low scores without being provided with recommended strategies on how to do so (i.e., individual strategies). At t2 and t3, they were asked to fake the IAT after having received information on recommended faking strategies. At t4, faking direction was reversed. Without the recommended strategies, faking high scores was not possible, but faking low scores was. With the recommended strategies, participants needed additional practice to fake high scores. When faking directions were reversed, participants were successful without additional practice, suggesting a transfer in faking skills. In most of the faking attempts, faking success was moderated by individual differences in baseline implicit self-esteem. This suggests that the complex interplay of factors influencing faking success should be taken into account when considering the issue of fakeability of the IAT.

Trying to separate the wheat from the chaff: Construct- and faking-related variance on the Implicit Association Test (IAT).

Recent research has indicated that diffusion model analyses allow the user to decompose the traditional IAT effect (D measure) into three newly developed IAT effects: IATv, which has already been shown to be significantly related to the construct-related variance of the IAT effect, and IATa and IATt0, both of which have been assumed to provide an indication of faking. But research on the impacts of faking on IATv, IATa, and IATt0 is still warranted. By reanalyzing a data set containing both faked and unfaked IAT effects, we investigated whether diffusion model analyses could be used to separate construct-related variance from faking-related variance on the IAT. Our results revealed that this separation is not yet possible. As had already been shown for the traditional IAT effect, IATv was affected by faking. Interestingly, it was affected by faking only under more difficult faking conditions (i.e., when participants were asked to fake without being given recommended strategies for how to do so, and when they were requested to fake high scores). By contrast, IATa was affected by faking only in the comparably easy faking condition (i.e., when participants had been informed about possible faking strategies and were asked to fake low scores). IATt0 was not affected by faking at all. Our results show that although diffusion model analyses cannot yet provide a clear separation between construct- and faking-related variance, they allow us to peer into the black box of the faking process itself, and thus provide a useful tool for analyzing and interpreting IAT scores.

Klassische Kommunikationstheorien und -modelle

In diesem Kapitel sollen bekannte konzeptuelle Ansatze der Kommunikation vorgestellt werden. Wir geben zunachst einen allgemeinen Uberblick uber Kommunikations-modelle und gehen dann auf psychologische Theorien und ihre Vorlaufer ein.

Mittel verbaler Kommunikation

In diesem Kapitel sollen ausgewahlte Mittel der verbalen Kommunikation vorgestellt werden. Im Einzelnen sollen Zuhoren, Fragen stellen, Erklaren sowie Lachen und Humor naher betrachtet werden.

Mittel nonverbaler Kommunikation

In diesem Kapitel sollen ausgewahlte Fertigkeiten nonverbaler Kommunikation vorgestellt und erlautert werden. Im Einzelnen gehen wir auf haptische Signale, Korpersprache, Proxemik (d. h. raumliches Verhalten) und physische Charakteristika ein.

Formen der Kommunikation

In diesem Kapitel soll ein Uberblick uber die Vielfalt menschlicher Kommunikationsformen gegeben werden. Mogliche Unterscheidungskriterien werden vorgestellt. Ein eigens dafur entwickeltes Fliesschema zur Bestimmung von Kommunikationsformen kann Ihnen als Navigationshilfe dienen.

Ein integratives Kommunikationsmodell nach Hargie und Kollegen

Basierend auf einem fruheren Modell zur sozialen Fertigkeit von Argyle (1983) entwickelten Hargie und Kollegen ein komplexes Kommunikationsmodell (s. Abb. 3.1) zur qualifizierten interpersonalen Kommunikation (Hargie und Marshall 1986; Hargie 1997; Dickson et al. 1997).