João A. Peças Lopes

Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System

This paper presents a conceptual framework to successfully integrate electric vehicles into electric power systems. The proposed framework covers two different domains: the grid technical operation and the electricity markets environment. All the players involved in both these processes, as well as their activities, are described in detail. Additionally, several simulations are presented in order to illustrate the potential impacts/benefits arising from the electric vehicles grid integration under the referred framework, comprising steady-state and dynamic behavior analysis.

Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks

State of the Art on Different Types of Electric Vehicles.- Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies.- The Impact of EV Charging on the System Demand.- Business Models and Control and Management Architectures for EV Electrical Grid Integration.- ICT Solutions to Support EV Deployment.- Advanced Models and Simulation Tools to Address Electric Vehicle Power System Integration (Steady State and Dynamic Behavior).- Impacts of Large Scale Deployment of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System.- Regulatory Framework and Business Models Integrating EVs in Power Systems.- Electrical Vehicles Activities Around the World.

Impacts of Large-Scale Deployment of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System

In this chapter, the most relevant results that were obtained from testing the approaches and algorithms developed in Chap. 6 are presented.

State of the Art on Different Types of Electric Vehicles

This chapter presents the main drivers and challenges for the large-scale adoption of Electric Vehicles (EV). The most important issues related with EV technology are also analyzed, namely, the charging infrastructures’ power levels, the type of plugs, the most common powertrain architectures, and the energy storage solutions currently available. The EV charging controllability is briefly discussed, as well as its benefits for the distribution grids operation and its contribution for the renewable energy sources expansion.

Impacts of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Integration in Distribution Networks Under Different Charging Strategies

The uncertainties related to when and where Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) will charge in the future requires the development of stochastic based approaches to identify the corresponding load scenarios. Such tools can be used to enhance existing system operators planning techniques, allowing them to obtain additional knowledge on the impacts of a new type of load, so far unknown or negligible to the power systems, the PEVs battery charging. This chapter presents a tool developed to evaluate the steady state impacts of integrating PEVs in distribution networks. It incorporates several PEV models, allowing estimating their charging impacts in a given network, during a predefined period, when different charging strategies are adopted (non-controlled charging, multiple tariff policies and controlled charging). It uses a stochastic model to simulate PEVs movement in a geographic region and a Monte Carlo method to create different scenarios of PEVs charging. It allows calculating the maximum number of PEVs that can be safely integrated in a given network and the changes provoked by PEVs in the load diagrams, voltage profiles, lines loading and energy losses. Additionally, the tool can also be used to quantify the critical mass (percentage) of PEV owners that need to adhere to controlled charging schemes in order to enable the safe operation of distribution networks.

Advanced Models and Simulation Tools to Address Electric Vehicle Power System Integration (Steady-State and Dynamic Behavior)

This chapter is intended to identify grid operational management and control strategies that should be available to deal with a large-scale deployment of electric plug-in vehicles (EVs). EVs are high flexible loads that can be used as mobile storage devices, thus being capable of providing several power system services [1]. In fact, EV batteries when in charging mode can behave as controllable loads, providing spinning reserves as a result of a load decrease or even providing power back to the grid under the so-called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode, helping peak load demand management. In this way, the growing prospects of an EV market expansion may strengthen the concepts that aim at the active grid management.