João Alexio Scarpare Filho

Conservação de goiabas tratadas com emulsões de cera de carnaúba

Guavas are very perishable fruits. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of several carnauba based waxes in the postharvest life of Pedro Sato guavas under room conditions. Five commercial waxes were used: Citrosol AK (18%), Citrosol M (10%), Fruit wax (18 a 21%), Meghwax ECF-100 (30%) e Cleantex wax (18,5 a 20,5%). The waxes were applied manualy in the rate of 0.15 to 0.20mL of wax per fruit. Control fruits were not treated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 4 replicates per treatment and 5 fruits as experimental unit. Guavas were evaluated at harvest and at every 2 days until the 6th day after treatments. Waxing had little effect on total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and ascorbic acid contents. However, the waxes were efficient in delaying ripening and reducing mass loss and decay incidence. The Meghwax ECF-100 shows potential for its use in guavas, although it needs to be tested in lower concentrations to avoid ripening problems.

Enraizamento de diferentes tipos de estacas de oliveira (Olea europaea L.) utilizando ácido indolbutírico

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influencia do numero de pares de folhas e testar o efeito de diferentes concentracoes de AIB (acido indolbutirico) no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de oliveira. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4 x 3, sendo quatro concentracoes de AIB (0, 1000, 2000, e 3000 mg L-1) e tres tipos de estacas (sem folhas, com um par de folhas e com dois pares de folhas). As estacas foram padronizadas com 12 cm de comprimento. Apos o preparo inicial, as estacas foram imersas nas solucoes de AIB por cinco segundos e, em seguida, colocadas em bandejas de polipropileno contendo o substrato Plantmax® e transportadas para casa-de-vegetacao, com umidade e temperatura controladas, onde permaneceram por 90 dias. As variaveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas e brotadas, numero de folhas, brotos e raizes emitidas por estaca e com primento medio das brotacoes e das raizes. O AIB apenas promoveu influencia ao sistema radicular; a concentracao de 2000 mg L-1 de AIB promoveu maior enraizamento e a concentracao de 3000 mg L-1 de AIB em estacas com dois pares de folhas promoveu melhores resultados para numero de raizes por estacas e comprimento medio das raizes; estacas ausentes de folhas favoreceram maior brotacao nas estacas.

Concentrações de ácido indolbutírico e tipos de substrato na propagação vegetativa de lichia

The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of the IBA application and different kinds of substrates in the vegetative propagation of litchi by air layering technique. The air layering had been done in semi-hardwood, healthy and vigorous branches of cultivar Bengal, in stock plants of 12 years old. The branches had been ring-girdled, 1,5 cm of width, and the exposed wound treated with different IBA concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg.L-1), enclosed with three moistened substrates (plantmax®, humus and sphagnum moss), involved with transparent plastic and tied in the two extremities. After 84 days, it was evaluated the length of root (cm), number of root expressed in notes from 0 to 5, percentage of callus and rooting. The best results in the vegetative propagation of litchi, cultivar Bengal, by air layering technique were obtained using plantmax® and IBA between 2.166 and 2.430 mg.L-1. The use of humus combined with concentrations between 2.175 and 2.250 mg.L-1 of IBA, also gave good results in the development of air layering. The poor success independently of IBA concentration was gotten with the use of sphagnum moss.

Enraizamento de estacas lenhosas e herbáceas de cultivares de caquizeiro com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico

This work was carried out with the objective to study the capacity of rooting of hardwood and herbaceous cuttings of Japanese persimmon tree cultivars treated with IBA. Hardwood and herbaceous cuttings were collected from branches of Japanese persimmon tree and submitted to treatments in function of cultivars (Pomelo, Rama Forte, Taubate, Giombo and Fuyu) and of application of IBA (0, 3,000 and 6,000 mg.L-1 for twenty seconds). Later the cuttings were placed in stonemason containing a soil mixture + corral manure (3:1 v/v) as substrate (hardwood cuttings) and in polyethylene trays containing vermiculite as substrate, in intermittent mist chamber (herbaceous cuttings). As conclusion is observed that the cultivars of Japanese persimmon tree present differences in relationship to potential of roots and shoots formation; herbaceous cuttings present higher tendency in the propagation through cutting in comparison with the hardwood cuttings.

Remoção da adstringência de frutos de caquizeiro 'Giombo' sob diferentes períodos de exposição aovapor de álcool etílico

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of exposure period to ethyl alcohol vapor on astringency removal of persimmon fruits ( Diospyros kaki L.) cv. Giombo. Fruits were exposed to alcohol vapor for 24, 36 and 48 hours at 20°C and 95% RH. Chemical and physical characteristics of fruits were measured for ten days, at two day intervals. Soluble tannin content, flesh firmness, water loss, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content were measured. This research showed that 24 and 36 hours were equally efficient in the astringency removal of fruits, although the analysis of other quality indices showed that fruits exposed for 24 hours exhibited better quality. The flesh firmness underwent a linear decrease in terms of time. The best period for consumption of the fruits was placed between the 4 th and 8 day after the treatment. Fruits became edible at the 4 th day after the treatment, when the content of soluble tannins was under 0.1%, imperceptible to taste, and the flesh firmness was kept for 8 days after the treatment.

Growing degree-days for the 'Niagara Rosada' grapevine pruned in different seasons.

Plant growth and development are proportional to biological time, or the thermal time of the species, which can be defined as the integral of the temperature over time between the lower and upper temperature developmental thresholds. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the growing degree-day (GDD) approach for vines of the ‘Niagara Rosada’ cultivar pruned in winter and summer seasons, and physiological phases (mobilisation and reserve accumulation) in a humid subtropical region. The experiment was carried out on 13-year-old plants in Piracicaba, São Paulo State-Brazil, evaluating 24 production cycles, 12 from the winter pruning, and 12 from the summer pruning. The statistical design was comprised of randomised blocks, using the pruning dates as treatment: 20 July, 4 August, 19 August, and 3 September (winter); 1 February, 15 February, 2 March, and 16 March (summer). Comparison of the mean values of GDD among pruning dates was evaluated by the Tukey test, and comparison between pruning seasons was made by the F test for orthogonal contrasts, both at the 5% probability level. The results showed good agreement between the values of GDD required to complete the cycle from the winter pruning until harvest when compared with other studies performed with the same cultivar grown in the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. However, there was a consistent statistical difference between GDD computed for winter and summer pruning, which allowed us to conclude that this bio-meteorological index is not sufficient to distinguish vines pruned in different seasons and physiological phases applied in humid subtropical climates.

Germinação de sementes de nogueira-macadâmia submetidas à incisão e imersão em ácido giberélico

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a emergencia de plântulas de nogueira-macadâmia, por meio do uso de incisao nas sementes e imersao em acido giberelico. Sementes do cultivar IAC-Campinas B, extraidas de frutos maduros foram padronizadas quanto ao tamanho e sanidade. Foram imergidas em recipiente preenchido por agua. Em 80 sementes, realizou-se incisao de 0,5 cm na casca, no sentido longitudinal ao embriao, deixando as amendoas expostas. Outras 80 sementes foram mantidas intactas. Em seguida, todas as sementes foram submersas em diferentes concentracoes de acido giberelico: 0, 150, 300 e 450 mg L-1, por 90 horas, com sistema de oxigenacao. Apos esse periodo, as sementes foram colocadas em bandejas plasticas, entre camadas de areia grossa autoclavada, preservadas em laboratorio com temperatura controlada (em torno de 25oC). As bandejas foram umedecidas diariamente, com auxilio de regador manual. Apos 180 dias, mensurou-se a porcentagem de emergencia, os comprimentos medios das raizes, das partes aereas e a massas secas medias totais das plântulas. Concluiu-se que a incisao e imersao de nogueira-macadâmia em acido giberelico foram prejudiciais a emergencia e desenvolvimento das plântulas.

Stock plant shading and indolbutyric acid in the rooting of Psidium guajava L.

This research was carried with the aim of verify the shading influence in the stock plants of two guava cultivars and the use of indolbutyric acid in the rooting of cuttings. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, 2 x 3 factorial, the factors studied were the application of IBA (0 e 2000 mg.L-1) and the shading of stock plants with the percentage of 30 and 50 %, as stock plants growing with plenty of sun. The cuttings were put in an intermittent mist chamber in a green house. After 60 days, the percentage of rooted cuttings were avaliated, as the number of roots per cutting, the percentage of dead cuttings and the percentage of shooted cuttings. It is concluded that the cultivars Rica and Kumagai have different rooting capabilities. The use of 30% of shading in the cuttings for Kumagai provided the best results of rooting. The use of 30% of shading or the application of 2000 mg.L-1 IBA in the cuttings for Rica provided the best percentages of rooting. The use of indolbutiric acid increases the number of roots in the guava cuttings.

Influência da poda de renovação e controle da ferrugem nas reservas de carboidratos e produção de pessegueiro precoce

This work aimed to verify the influence of the renewal pruning and control of the rust in the reserves of non structured carbohydrates in branches and cultivar peach tree roots Flordaprince, as well as the possible effect in the production and quality of the fruits. The work was conducted in the Vegetable Production Department at ESALQ-USP, in Piracicaba. The used experimental design was in seven random blocks, consisting of three treatments, being each part composed by four plants. The treatment 1 consisted in the renewal pruning that was done 45 days after the harvest, in October 2003. In the treatment 2, the renewal pruning was not accomplished, but the rust control was done. In the treatment 3 neither the renewal pruning nor the rust control was accomplished, making the leaves fall with anticipation. The data was submitted to the variance analyses and to the comparison of the averages by Tukeys test. The spacing pattern was of 3,0 for 1,2 m, (2777 plants/ha). The plants were conducted in the central leaders system and they received the usually cultural practices. Samples of roots and branches were collected and they were dried, crushed and submitted to the laboratory analysis to check the non structured carbohydrate contents. There is a float in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the roots and in the branches according to the harvest period, and the contents of soluble carbohydrates in the roots are always higher than in the ones found in branches. The treatment 2 showed larger production of fruits and larger number of fruits per plant. There was no effect of the treatments in the qualitative aspects of the fruits, such as diameter, length, coloration and content of soluble solids.

Estiolamento, incisão na base da estaca e uso do ácido indolbutírico na propagação da caramboleira por estacas lenhosas

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito do estiolamento, da incisao na base da estaca e do tratamento com acido indolbutirico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de caramboleira. As estacas foram padronizadas com um par de folhas inteiras e 12 cm de comprimento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento estatistico inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 4, onde os fatores estudados foram tecnicas aplicadas nas estacas (estiolamento, ferimento na base e controle) e diferentes concentracoes de AIB (0; 3.000; 6.000 e 9.000 mg L-1). As estacas lenhosas foram utilizadas como tratamento-controle. O estiolamento foi realizado 45 dias antes da retirada da estaca no ramo, envolvendo-se a base da futura estaca com fita plastica preta. A incisao na base da estaca foi realizada no preparo das mesmas, atraves de dois cortes na base. As estacas foram mantidas em câmara de nebulizacao intermitente e, apos 75 dias, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de estacas enraizadas, de estacas vivas, de formacao de calos e o numero de raizes emitidas por estaca. Concluiu-se que as tecnicas de estiolamento e ferimento na base da estaca, e a aplicacao de AIB nao induziram a formacao de raizes em estacas lenhosas de caramboleira.