Ricardo Alfredo Kluge

Inibição do amadurecimento de abacate com 1-metilciclopropeno

Avocados (Persea americana) present high respiratory rate and high ethylene production ¾ which make them very vulnerable ¾ and the ripening control of this fruit is fundamental for increasing the shelf life. Avocados Quintal were treated with 1-methylciclopropene (1-MCP) at concentrations of 0, 30, 90 and 270xa0nLxa0L-1xa0for 12 hours at 24oC followed by storage at room temperature (24oC) during nine days. Peel and pulp color, firmness, percentage of ripened fruits (firmness £8xa0Newtons), percentage of decay, respiratory rate and ethylene production were measured daily. The experimental design was a completely randomized with factorial scheme 4 x10 and four replications of four fruits. The application of 1-MCP delayed color development of peel and pulp, maintained higher firmness and reduced fruit decay. Non-treated fruits presented ripening beginning after four days at 24oC, while fruits treated with 1-MCPxa0270xa0nLxa0L-1 presented ripening after seven days. The 1-MCP (270xa0nLxa0L-1) reduced fruit respiratory rate and ethylene production. The results permit to infer that 1-MCP application in avocados is satisfactory to reduce ripening process of fruits and to lengthen their shelf life.

Efeito do porta-enxerto na qualidade do cacho da videira 'Niágara Rosada'

n†The aim of this paper was to evaluate the cluster quality of eNiAEgara Rosadai table†grape (Vitis labrusca†L.) grafted on different rootstocks and evaluated during seven crops, at TaubatO, SP, Brazil. The†clusters harvested in plants grafted with eIAC†313i, eIAC†766i and eTraviœi presented size (length and width), mass and number of berries significantly higher than those verified in plants grafted with eKober†5BBi and eSchwarzmanni. The†berry presented mass significantly higher in the eIAC†766i and eTraviœi if compared to the eSchwarzmanni. Fruit soluble solid content was higher in eKober†5BBi (15.46 o Brix) and eSchwarzmanni (15.28 o Brix) if compared to the eIAC†313i (14.18 o Brix).

Intensidade de raleio de frutos em pessegueiros 'Flordaprince' conduzidos em pomar com alta densidade de plantio

The objective of this paper was to test the behavior of peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) cultivar Flordaprince carried out in high dense orchard (3,333 plants/ha) submitted to different intensities of hand thinning of fruits. The treatments tested were 120, 100 and 80 fruits per plant and without thinning (230 fruits per plant). The thinned plants produced larger and weightier fruits if compared with control plants. The yield per plant (kg) and estimated productivity (ton/ha) were higher in plants not thinned, but marketing classification and gross income were lower in this treatment due to small fruit size and weight. The treatments 100 and 80 fruits per plant (56.52% and 65.21% of thinning, respectively) presented the best results.The objective of this paper was to test the behavior of peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) cultivar Flordaprince carried out in high dense orchard (3,333 plants/ha) submitted to different intensities of hand thinning of fruits. The treatments tested were 120, 100 and 80 fruits per plant and without thinning (230 fruits per plant). The thinned plants produced larger and weightier fruits if compared with control plants. The yield per plant (kg) and estimated productivity (ton/ha) were higher in plants not thinned, but marketing classification and gross income were lower in this treatment due to small fruit size and weight. The treatments 100 and 80 fruits per plant (56.52% and 65.21% of thinning, respectively) presented the best results.

Aumento do potencial de armazenamento refrigerado de nêsperas 'Fukuhara' com o uso de tratamento térmico

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiencia de tratamentos termicos no aumento do potencial de frigoconservacao de nesperas Fukuhara e os efeitos desses tratamentos na qualidade e nas propriedades fisico-quimicas e bioquimicas dos frutos. Osxa0tratamentos de condicionamento termico foram: armazenamento a 1oC durante 60xa0dias (controle); armazenamento a 5oC durante 60xa0dias (padrao); armazenamento a 5oC, durante 7xa0dias, e 1oC durante 53xa0dias; armazenamento a 10oC, durante 7xa0dias, e 1oC durante 53xa0dias; aquecimento intermitente, em ciclos de 6xa0dias a 1oC + 1 dia a 15oC, durante 60xa0dias; condicionamento dos frutos a 37oC, durante 3xa0horas, e a 1oC durante 60xa0dias; e condicionamento dos frutos a 37oC, durante 6xa0horas, e a 1oC durante 60xa0dias. Osxa0frutos foram mantidos a 85-90% de umidade relativa, durante todo o armazenamento. Foram determinados: firmeza da polpa, indice de escurecimento, acidez titulavel, pH, teor de solidos soluveis, teor de acido ascorbico, teor de compostos fenolicos, atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amonia-liase (PAL), polifenoloxidase (PPO) e peroxidase (POD) apos 15, 30, 45 e 60xa0dias de armazenamento. Houve correlacao entre firmeza de polpa e atividade de POD, apos 60xa0dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Oxa0aquecimento intermitente e o aquecimento a 37oC, durante 3xa0horas, foram eficientes no controle do escurecimento interno. Osxa0tratamentos termicos nao evitaram o enrijecimento de polpa. Tratamentos termicos aumentam o potencial de armazenamento de nesperas sem alterar as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas dos frutos.The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of heat treatments on the potential improvement of the cold-storage of Fukuhara loquat, and the effects of these treatments on the quality and on physicochemical and biochemical properties of fruits. The treatments applied were: storage at 1oC for 60xa0days (control); storage at 5oC for 60xa0days (standard); storage at 5oC for 7xa0days, and at 1oC for 53xa0days; storage at 10oC for 7xa0days, and at 1oC for 53xa0days; intermittent heat, in cycles of 6 days at 1oC + 1xa0day at 15oC, for 60xa0days; fruit conditioning at 37oC for 3xa0hours, and at 1oC for 60xa0days; and fruit conditioning at 37oC for 6xa0hours, and at 1oC for 60xa0days. The fruits were kept at 85-90% relative humidity, over the whole storage. The following parameters were determined: pulp firmness, incidence of internal browning, titrable acidity, pH, content of soluble solids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), in evaluations after 15, 30, 45 and 60xa0days of storage. There was a correlation between firmness level and POD activity, after 60xa0days of cold storage. Intermittent heat and at 37oC for 3xa0hours were efficient in controling internal browning in fruit pulp. Heat treatments did not prevent the increase of pulp firmness. Heat treatments increase cold-storage potential of loquat without changing fruit physicochemical properties.

Methods of graft protection in the production of mango, avocado and macadamia nut nursery trees

Diferentes materiais de protecao do enxerto foram avaliados na producao de mudas de mangueira (Mangiferaxa0indicaxa0L.) cv. Tommyxa0Atkins, abacateiro (Perseaxa0americanaxa0L.) cv. Fortuna e nogueira-macadâmia (Macadamiaxa0integrifolia Maidenxa0&xa0Betche) cv. Kau 344. Osxa0materiais utilizados foram: saco de polietileno, parafina, parafina + vaselina, cera de abelha, parafilme e filme de PVC. Verificou-se que o parafilme promoveu melhor resultado de pegamento do enxerto em abacateiro (80,3%) e nogueira-macadâmia (74,1%), seguido pelo filme de PVC (53,4% e 41,7%, respectivamente). Naxa0enxertia de mangueira, o parafilme, filme de PVC e saco de polietileno nao diferiram entre si estatisticamente (59,6%, 50,2% e 50,2%, respectivamente). Osxa0porcentuais de pegamento observados nos tratamentos com parafina, parafina + vaselina e cera de abelha foram baixos, em comparacao com o melhor tratamento (parafilme). Nasxa0mudas de nogueira-macadâmia o parafilme promoveu melhor desenvolvimento das brotacoes, alem de desprender-se naturalmente dos enxertos. Conclui-se que na enxertia de mangueira os garfos podem ser protegidos com parafilme, filme de PVC ou saco de polietileno; na enxertia de abacateiro, pode-se utilizar parafilme ou filme de PVC, e na enxertia de nogueira-macadâmia deve-se optar pelo parafilme.

ESTUDO DO PRIMEIRO CICLO PRODUTIVO DA BANANEIRA `NANICÃO' (Musa sp.) DESENVOLVIDA A PARTIR DE DIFERENTES TIPOS DE MUDA

To study the performance of different types of propagation materials of banana `Nanicao (Musa sp. ) on the productivity of the first year, five propagation materials were used: small sword suckers, big sword suckers, water suckers, rhizome sections and meristem derived material (tissue culture). The parameters studied were weight of bunch, number of hands per bunch, number of fruits per bunch and number of days from planting to harvest (first cicle). Both sizes of sword suckers gave the best average performance (shortest length of the first vegetative cycle, good average weight of bunch, good number of hands and number of fruits per bunch). Rhizome sections showed similar results but took a longer time to produce the first harvest. Meristem derived material showed the worst performance with lowest average weight of bunch, longest lenght of the first vegetative cycle and high somaclonal variation rate.

Comportamento de três hortaliças de fruto submetidas ao aquecimento intermitente durante a frigoconservação

Efeitos do aquecimento intermitente foram estudados em berinjelas, pimentoes e quiabos refrigerados. Berinjelas `Piracicaba F-100 foram continuamente refrigeradas por 21 dias ou aquecidas a cada 3, 4, 5 ou 6 dias. Pimentoes `Maiata foram continuamente refrigerados por 28 dias ou aquecidos a cada 5, 6, 7 ou 8 dias. Quiabos `Santa Cruz-47 foram continuamente refrigerados por 8 dias, ou aquecidos aos 2, 3, 4 ou 5 dias. O armazenamento foi realizado a 5oC e 90-95% UR. O aquecimento foi realizado por 24 horas a 24-25oC e 70-75% UR (condicoes ambientais). O aquecimento intermitente reduziu os sintomas de injurias pelo frio, mas provocou elevadas perdas de massa em muitos tratamentos, causando murchamento e reduzindo a comerciabilidade dos frutos apos a refrigeracao, principalmente em quiabos e pimentoes.

Tratamento térmico para controle da lanosidade em pêssegos 'Dourado-2' refrigerados

Abstract – The work was carried out with the objective to verify the effect of heat treatments on the incidenceof woolliness in Dourado-2 peaches stored at 0 o C. Heat treatments were applied as conditioning temperature(50 o C during 2 hours or 20 o C during 48 hours) before cold storage. In intermittent warming, fruit treatments werewarmed each five days at 25 o C during 24 hours or each ten days during 48 hours. Control fruit were continuouslystored at 0 o C. The variables evaluated after 30 days at 0 o C (plus three days at room temperature) were: incidenceof woolliness and decay, soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, ascorbic acid, skin color, firmness, respiratoryrate, ethylene production and activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinmethylesterase (PME). The intermittentwarming with cycles of five or ten days and the conditioning temperature at 20 o C during 48 hours before coldstorage was the most effective treatment to reduce incidence of woolliness. However, heat treatment hastenedfruit softening. Ethylene production was higher in fruits intermittently warmed and this can be related to thehigher activity of PG and PME and consequently to alleviation of woolliness of the fruit. Heat treatment causedlittle variations on SSC, acidity, ascorbic acid and skin color.Index terms:

Avaliação de biorreguladores no metabolismo secundário de beterrabas inteiras e minimamente processadas

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of bioregulators on some aspects of secondary metabolism of minimally processed and whole (without processing) beet roots. For the minimal processing, beet roots were peeled, sanitized, shredded (2 mm thick), rinsed and centrifuged. For whole beet roots, both leaves and stems were removed, and after the product was sanitized. The following treatments were applied: ethylene (1000 mL L-1), 1-MCP (300 nL L-1) and, salicylic acid (500 mg L-1). After treatments, beet roots were packed and stored at 5 oC during 10 days. Injuries that occurred during the minimal processing induced an increase of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in ethylene, 1-MCP and control treatments. However, salicylic acid decreased the activity of this enzyme. The treatments applied on whole and minimally processed beet roots did not have influence in total phenol and betalains concentration; however the betalains content was more than 50% lower in beet root minimally processed if compared to whole root.

VACUUM PACKAGING IS EFFICIENT TO REMOVE ASTRINGENCY AND TO MAINTAIN THE FIRMNESS OF ‘GIOMBO’ PERSIMMON

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma tecnica simples para a remocao da adstringencia, alem de manter a firmeza de polpa de caqui ‘Giombo’. Os frutos foram colocados em diferentes tipos de embalagens plasticas: polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), polipropileno (PP) e polietileno-poliamida (PE-PA). As embalagens foram seladas a vacuo e tiveram dimensao de 30 cm x 50 cm e 20 micrometros de espessura. Frutos nao acondicionados em embalagens plasticas foram usados como controle. Apos o embalamento, os frutos foram armazenados em condicao ambiente (22oC e 70% UR) durante cinco dias. Apos esse periodo, os frutos foram removidos da embalagem e colocados na mesma condicao anterior por seis dias e avaliados a cada dois dias. Todas as embalagens plasticas demonstraram efetividade na remocao da adstringencia, mas apenas o PE-PA manteve a firmeza durante os seis dias apos a remocao dos frutos da embalagem. As embalagens com PEPD e PP causaram reducao na adstringencia enquanto a firmeza foi adequadamente mantida ate o quarto dia em temperatura ambiente. Nao foi possivel obter vacuo nestes dois tipos de embalagem, apenas no PE-PA. O PE-PA reduz a adstringencia mais rapidamente e mantem a firmeza por mais tempo em condicao ambiente.