João Tomé de Farias Neto

APLICAÇÃO DA METODOLOGIA DE MODELOS MISTOS (REML/BLUP) NA ESTIMAÇÃO DE COMPONENTES DE VARIÂNCIA E PREDIÇÃO DE VALORES GENÉTICOS EM PUPUNHEIRA (Bactris gasipaes)

The peach palm is a very useful plant for feeding Brazilians as fruit or palm heart producer. The interest for the peach palm besides being a perennial culture is: growth in full sun, precocity, rusticity, capacity to shoot, flavor and non-darkening of the palm heart after the cut. Estimates of genetic parameters in peach palm are scarce and constitute the most important tool to guide the improvement programs. The objective of this work was to study the genetic variability and estimate the individual genetic value as selection criterion, using the BLUP/REML procedure (Best linear unbiased prediction/restricted maximum likelihood). Two selection strategies for the palm heart production trait were adopted: a short term (CP - selection of the 9 families with 31 individuals of bigger genetic value) and a long term (LP - selection of the 15 families with 53 individuals). The progenies were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications, the plots were composed by rows of five plants, spaced in 2.0 m x 1.0 m and with a row around the experiment in the Experimental Field of Matapi, Porto Grande municipality, Amapa State, Brazil. The evaluation was accomplished to the 26 months after planting (2nd evaluation) being collected data of plant height (AP), diameter of the plant to the lap height (DPC), palm heart size (TP), palm heart diameter (DP), residual apical weight (PRA), basal weight (PRB) and of the liquid palm heart (PP) (exportation type). The data of AP, DPC, TP and DP corresponded to the clump of roots averages that presented more than a stem. However for the characters PA, PRB and PP corresponded the sum of the stems in the clump of roots. In general, the population presented low genetic variability. The narrow sense heritability at the individuals level was: AP (18.44%), DPC (3.16%), TP (42.47%), DP (10.54%), PP (5.70%), PRB (6.15%). The genetic gain estimated in relation to average of the population for PP were of 7.18% in the LP situation and 8.40% for CP, with effective size of 30.38 and 19.00, respectively.

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e ganhos de seleção em progênies de polinização aberta de açaizeiro

The present work aimed to study the genetic variability, estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters and to conduct the prediction of genetic values of individuals of irrigated acai tree in the state of Para. The objective was the selection and genetic improvement of the production of fruits, using the REML/BLUP procedure applied in the progenies for the characters height of the first cluster, total cluster mass, total fruit mass, number of clusters, mean cluster weight, average length of the leaf rachis, average number of rachillas, number of tillers and average mass of one hundred fruits. Fifty progenies were evaluated in two 5 x 5 lattice design with two replications and linear plots- of five plants each, in a 5 m x 5 m spacing. The software Selegen- Reml/Blup was used for the genetic analyses and identification of the best individuals to compose the population for seed production (short-term program) and of improvement (long-term program). The estimation of genotipic correlation was high between total fruit mass and number of cluster and average among total fruit mass and average cluster mass and number of rachillas. The estimates of the genetic parameters obtained in the present study show excellent selective potential of the population and sufficient genetic variability for the genetic improvement of the population in short and long terms. Considerable genetic gain of 45.33% relative to the average of the experiment can be obtained with the election of the 20 best individuals for the character total production of fruits.

Coeficientes de repetibilidade genética de caracteres em pupunheira

In Brazil, the Bactris gasipaes palm is a very useful plant for food as a source of fruits or heart palm. The interest for this species is due to the precocity of the heart palm production, rusticity, straightening up, and palatability of the heart palm. Estimates of genetic parameters, such as repeatability, are very important and fundamental for breeding program. The objective of this research was to estimate the repeatability coefficients of the characters: plant height, plant diameter and heart palm weight, using variance analysis, principal components and structural analysis. It was also determined the minimum numbers of repetitions in order to determine critic levels of real prediction values of the individual. The repeatability coefficients of the stem base diameter, plant height and heart palm weight were of low magnitude (lower than 0.4), indicating irregular behavior from one evaluation to another. For plant height, three measures are necessary to have predictions with 80% confidence. For the same confidence, for stem base diameter and heart-of-palm weight six measures will be necessary.

Seleção simultânea em progênies de açaizeiro irrigado para produção e peso do fruto

Para obtencao de materiais superiores, e necessario que o genotipo selecionado reuna, simultaneamente, uma serie de atributos favoraveis que satisfacam as exigencias dos consumidores, produtores e processadores. Foram analisadas 50 progenies de acaizeiro conduzidas em dois delineamentos tipo latice, com duas repeticoes e cinco plantas por parcela, por um periodo de tres safras, para as caracteristicas de producao e peso de cem de frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros geneticos e fenotipicos e realizar a predicao de valores geneticos dos individuos e progenies de acaizeiro irrigado no Estado do Para, visando a selecao e ao melhoramento genetico simultâneo para as caracteristicas citadas, empregando a metodologia REML/BLUP. Foram empregados na selecao e na estimativa dos ganhos preditos, os indices com base na media de postos (ranks) e niveis independentes de eliminacao, empregando uma intensidade de selecao de 20 %. Foi obtido ganho genetico de 20,76 % em relacao a media do experimento com a selecao dos 20 melhores individuos para producao de frutos. Acima de cinco medicoes ou safras na avaliacao de progenies de acaizeiro para producao de frutos, pouco acrescentara em termos de eficiencia seletiva, sendo entao injustificado seu uso. O indice com base na media de postos (rank) revelou-se o mais eficiente em selecionar, simultaneamente, progenies superiores para producao e menor peso de frutos, sendo recomendado seu uso em programa de melhoramento genetico do acaizeiro.

Estimativas de correlação e repetibilidade para caracteres do fruto de bacurizeiro

Conduziu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de estimar os coeficientes de correlacao e de repetibilidade envolvendo doze caracteres do fruto de bacurizeiro: comprimento do fruto (CF), diâmetro do fruto (DF), espessura da casca (EC), peso da casca (PC), peso das sementes (PS), numero de sementes (NS), volume da cavidade interna (VCI), peso do fruto (PF), peso total de polpa (PTP), porcentagens de casca (%C), sementes (%S) e polpa total (%PTP). As estimativas dos coeficientes de repetibilidade das caracteristicas CF, DF, EC, PC, PS, VCI, PTP, %C e %PTP demonstraram alta regularidade nos individuos, e quatro a doze medicoes sao necessarias para obter predicoes com confiabilidade em torno de 95%. Com excecao do carater EC, nao foram observadas grandes diferencas entre as estimativas dos coeficientes de repetibilidade obtidos pelo metodo da ANOVA e pelos metodos de analise multivariada. O aumento na precisao em termos de predicao do valor real dos individuos alem de 95% implicara aumentar, sobremaneira, o numero de medicoes, que, por sua vez, pouco acrescentara em termos de precisao, sendo, entao, injustificado seu uso. PTP apresentou associacoes positivas com o DF, VCI e PF.

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e ganho de seleção para produção de frutos em progênies de polinização aberta de pupunheira no estado do Pará, Brasil

The study aimed to estimate parameters and breeding values for the traits number of bunches (NC), average weight of bunch (PMC) and total weight of the bunch (PTC) in palm-trees on six years, by the method of mixed models (REML/BLUP). The progeny test was established under a randomized block design with 50 treatments (progeny), 10 blocks and one plant per plot, spaced 5 x 5 m, and an outer boundary to the experiment. Magnitudes of heritability estimates at the individual level and averages in the narrow sense for PTC (0.21 and 0.36) and NC (0.286 and 0.435) were good. The coefficient of genetic variation at the level of individual exhibited moderate values for PTC (19.86) and NC (17.59). The square root of heritability for the average of the progeny results in selective accuracy in the order of 0.60 to 0.66 for PTC and NC, confirming good accuracy and confidence in genetic parameters estimated by promoting security in the selection. The potential fo the population for improvement can be observed by means of genetic gains for PTC that ranged from 8.3 to 19.9 kg, increasing the mean of the new population for the character, after one cycle of selection to 40.4 kg, equivalent to 25.8%.

Avaliaçao de híbridos de coqueiro (Cocos nucifera L.) para produção de frutos e de albúmen sólido fresco

The performance of six hybrids of coconut palm were evaluated for fruit and solid fresh albumen production in Moju, State of Para. The evaluated hybrids were: PB 121 (Dwarf Yellow of Malaysia x West African Giant); PB 111 (Dwarf Red of Cameron x West Afican Giant); PB 141 (Dwarf Green of Brazil x West Aficam Giant); PB 123 (Dwarf Yellow of Malaysia x Renels Giant); PB 132 (Red Dwarf of Malaysia x (Giant from Polynesia); PB 113 (Dwarf Red of Cameron x Renels Giant) in hazard blocks and six repetitions. It was verified through variance analysis, significancy difference between treatments, as result of the heterogeneity of the studied genetic material. The sources of variation year and the interaction years x treatments showed also highly significant, evidencing that the behavior of the hybrids was induced for those sources of variation. Considering the performance of the hybrids in the period of nine years of evaluation for fruit and fresh solid albumen production, the hybrids PB 111, PB 113 and PB 141 may be recommended for planting in Para State.

Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de progênies de pupunheira para palmito

The pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) is the species with the best potential in supplying the production of palm heart, in substitution to acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and jucara (Euterpe edulis Mart.) species, traditionally produced. The objectives of this work were to estimate some genetic parameters associated to the evaluation of 31 pejibayes half-sib progenies and to classify the best progenies, using the Scott-Knott test for means classification. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications, and experimental plots represented by five plants. The evaluations of plant height at the moment of fell (PHF), plant diameter in the base (PDB) and net palm heart weight (PHW) were accomplished 15, 26 and 37 months after the planting. The population presented genetic variability for selection and did not suffer genotype x cut effect; the PHW character should be tested with larger replications as it was the most sensitive character to cut effects; the genetic variation coefficient and the error variation coefficient ratio indicates that there are difficulties in the selection processes for the evaluated characters; genetic correlations among the characters PDB and PHW promise to facilitate the indirect selection for PHW by using PDB. The Scott-Knott means grouping made the distinction of the progenies in two groups.

Genetic parameters and simultaneous selection for root yield, adaptability and stability of cassava genotypes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros geneticos e avaliar a selecao simultânea quanto a produtividade de raizes e a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genotipos de mandioca. Os efeitos dos genotipos foram considerados como fixos e aleatorios, e a metodologia de modelos mistos (REML/Blup) foi utilizada para estimar os parâmetros geneticos e a media harmonica do desempenho relativo dos valores genotipicos (MHPRVG), para selecao simultânea. Dez genotipos foram avaliados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes. O experimento foi realizado nos municipios de Altamira, Santarem e Santa Luzia do Para, PA, nos anos agricolas de 2009/2010, 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. As raizes foram colhidas 12 meses apos o plantio, em todos os locais testados. A produtividade de raizes apresentou baixo coeficiente de variacao genotipica (4,25%) e herdabilidade de parcelas individuais no sentido amplo (0,0424), o que resultou em baixo ganho genetico. Em razao da baixa correlacao genotipica (0,15), a classificacao dos genotipos quanto a produtividade de raizes variou de acordo com o ambiente. Os genotipos CPATU 060, CPATU 229 e CPATU 404 destacaram-se quanto a produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade.

Estimativa dos coeficientes de repetibilidade para produção de fruto e albúmen sólido em coqueiro híbrido

The objective of this work was to estimate the coefficient of repeatability for production of fruits and solid albumen in coconut palm (cocos nucifera) using statistical methods of the variance analysis (ANOVA), main components (covariance and correlation) and structural analysis (covariance). Significant variability was detected between hybrids for fruits and solid albumen productions. Repeatability coeficients obtained by the variance analysis and structural analysis (correlation) showed the smallest values. If the level of 90% is considered sufficient to select hybrids with relative superiority for fruit and solid albumen productions based on the estimation of repeatability by the main components method (covariance), then it would be recommended to perform five and three evaluations for fruit and solid albumen productions, respectively.