Joe F. Hennen

Delimitation of Phakopsora, Physopella and Cerotelium and their species on Leguminosae

Two species are established for the soybean rust fungi based on morphological differences between their anamorphs and teleomorphs: Phakopsora pachyrhizi includes the Austro-Asian populations whose telia are irregularly 2- to 7-spore layered, and whose teliospores have walls that are pale yellowish brown to colourless, and equally ca 1 μm thick or slightly thickened apically to 3 μm in the outermost spores. Malupa sojae (syn.: Uredo sojae ) is its uredinial anamorph. Phakopsora meibomiae includes the New World populations whose telia are irregularly 1- to 4(−5)-spore layered, and whose teliospores have walls that are cinnamon- to light chestnut-brown, and 1·5–2 μm thick but thickened apically to 6 μm in the outermost spores. Malupa vignae (syn.: Uredo vignae ) is its uredinial anamorph. Physopella is treated not as a teleomorph but as an anamorphic genus with connexions to Phakopsora and Cerotelium. Angiopsora is a teleomorphic genus for which Physopella was erroneously substituted. But Angiopsora is placed in synonymy under Phakopsora because its supposed defining characteristic of teliospores in vertical rows is not consistent. Malupa is named as a new anamorphic genus with sori that are surrounded by a peridium composed of one or more irregular layers of compressed and distorted hyphae ending in paraphyses. The spores are one-celled, usually echinulate, and usually sessile or almost so. The sori of Physopella are surrounded by numerous, well-defined paraphyses arising from the hymenial level, which are usually incurved over the sori. Cerotelium is separated from Phakopsora because its telial sori have a well-defined hymenium of teliosporogenous cells and hyaline, thin-walled teliospores, traits lacking in Phakopsora . In addition to two species on soybeans, four other species of Phakopsora and five species of Cerotelium parasitize legumes, each of which has either a Malupa, Milesia or Physopella anamorph. Three new unconnected Milesia species are included. All of these taxa occur on the subfamily Faboideae except two which are on Bauhinia in the Caesalpinioideae.

New species and records of Uredinales from the neotropics

Four new species of rust fungi are described {Puccinia ibrae, Uredo clavo, U. crusa, and U. tuitei) and five others are reduced to synonymy {Uredo macella, U. nigropuncta, U. panamensis, Uromyces cissampelidis, and U. rzedowskii). Among the 35 new host and geographic range extensions are the first North American records of Aecidium opuntiae, P. duthiae, P. mutisiae, P. puta, and U. occultus. Olivea petitiae, formerly known only from one Puerto Rican specimen, is now reported from 13 locations in six Caribbean nations. Uromyces sabineae, formerly known only from one Puerto Rican specimen, is now reported on four new host taxa from five locations in three Caribbean nations. Spermogonia and uredinoid aecia are described for the first time for Ravenelia pithecolobii, and the first systemic aecia are reported for P. dietelii.

Cerradoa Palmaea: The First Rust Fungus on Palmae

The monotypic genus Cerradoa on Attalea ceraensis from Federal District, Brazil is the first rust fungus to be found on Palmae. It has superstomatal sori and is closest to the Andean genus Edythea on Berberidaceae. We segregate Edythea from Desmella on ferns because the sporogenous cells of Edythea are produced on emergent hyphae outside of stomata, whereas in Desmella sporogenous cells originate within the substomatal cavity and then emerge. Desmella and those Hemileia species with superstomatal type B sori of Gopalkrishnan produce almost identical, unique soral structures. We consider them closely related. Desmzellopsis aframomicola does not produce truly superstomatal sori and is transferred to Puccinia.

Is the taxonomy of Berberis and Mahonia (Berberidaceae) supported by their rust pathogens Cumminsiella santa sp. nov. and other Cumminsiella species (Uredinales)

Cumminsiella santa, on Berberis spinulosa from southern Brazil, has characteristics more like Cumminsiella species on Mahonia than like those on Berberis. Other Cumminsiella species have distribution ranges that are correlated with subgeneric taxa of Mahonia. Keys present the comparative morphology of Cumminsiella species. Classification of Cumminsiella on Mahonia and Berberis supports the infrageneric taxonomy of Mahonia but not necessarily the separation of the two genera in the Western Hemisphere. Rust fungi (Uredinales) have evolved with their vascular plant hosts. Thus, study of rust taxonomy coincides with study of the classification of the hosts. In practice, many rust fungi cannot be identified without prior identification of the host plant at least to family or genus (Cummins 1959), although knowing the rust may sometimes enable a taxonomist to identify the host plant. Recent reports have shown that the characteristics and relationships of parasitic fungi may aid in solving problems in vascular plant taxonomy. For example, Holm (1969) concluded, by comparing rust pathogens, that cordgrass (Spartina) is properly assigned to the tribe Chlorideae of the Gramineae. Taxonomists have long recognized the similarities and debated the separation of Berberis (barberries) and Mahonia (grape hollies). Clearly the two genera are closely related. Both have the chromosome number n = 14, multiaperturate pollen, and sensitive stamens (Meacham 1980). Field identification is simple when Berberis and Mahonia are separated on the basis of leaf and stem morphology (fascicles of simple leaves on spiny stems vs. pinnately compound leaves on smooth stems). Some authors, however, including Kearney and Peebles (1951) and Hitchcock et al. (1964), still consider Mahonia a subgenus of Berberis. The purpose of this research is to show how rust taxonomy may add new relevant information. Members of five genera of rust fungi (Aecidium, Cumminsiella, Edythea, Puccinia, and Pucciniosira s.l., including Gambleola) parasitize Berberis or Mahonia. The small autoecious genus Cumminsiella from the Western Hemisphere was used here because the new species we report from Brazil indicates the closeness of the host genera. This new Berberis rust resembles the North American species of Cumminsiella on Mahonia more closely than it does the other two South American species on Berberis.

Hawaiian Forest Fungi. II. Species of Puccinia and Uredo on Euphorbia

SUMMARY Two species of Puccinia and one species of Uredo, whose telia are unknown, occur on Euphorbia in Hawaii. Puccinia vitata is described as new, P. levata is a new name and redescribed, and Uredo stevensii is redescribed.

Apra, A New Genus of Uredinales on Mimosa from Brazil

Spermogoniis epiphyllis, subcuticularibus, lenticularis, hymenio piano vel leniter concavo. Aeciis in gregis parvis, cupulatis, profunde insidentibus, erumpentis; peridio aecidioideo; sporis catenulatim compositis. Urediniis ignotis. Teliis sparsis vel in gregis orbiculatis parvis, castaneo-brunneis, subepidermalibus, erumpentibus, pulverulentis; sporis continuis, binatim, quaque spora in cellula apicali disposita, quaque pare cellularum apicalium in eodem pedicello disposita; poro germinationis apparenter uno, ad basim prope cellulas apicales disposito, obscuro, pedicello leptoticho, hyalino, fragili.

Teliospore ontogeny in Ypsilospora baphiae and Y. africana sp.nov. (Uredinales)

Teliospore ontogeny of Ypsilospora baphiae is studied by light microscopy using free-hand sections of dried herbarium specimens. Pairs of single-celled teliospores form on common pedicels which develop successively on sporogenous cells. This mode of teliospore ontogeny is new in the Uredinales, and substantiates the validity of Ypsilospora . The perfect state was found for Uraecium africanum Cummins which occurs on the same host plant in the same areas of Africa as does Y. baphiae . The teliospores of this rust fungus are similar to those of Y. baphiae in morphology and development. It is named Ypsilospora africana Ono & Hennen sp.nov.

The Autoecious Species of Puccinia and Uromyces on North American Senecioneae

Uromyces senecionicola Arth., Puccinia conglomerata (Strauss) Roehling (P. syngenesarum Link, P. nardosmiae Ell. & Ev., P. petasites Vestergr.), P. glomerata Grev. (P. expansa Link), P. grindeliae Peck, P. hieracii (Mart.) Roehling (P. arnicalis Peck)., P. melampodii Diet. & Holw. (P. emiliae P. Henn.), P. recedens P. Sydow & H. Sydow, P. schistocarphae H. S. Jacks. & Holw., P. senecionicola Arth., P. senecionis Libert (P. subcircinata Ell. & Ev.) are redescribed and illustrated. Host plants in Senecioneae and the North American distribution are given for each species.

THE LIFE CYCLE, PATHOLOGY, AND TAXONOMY OF THE RUST, PROSPODIUM BICOLOR SP. NOV., ON YELLOW IPE, TABEBUIA SERRATIFOLIA, IN BRAZIL'

Field and herbarium observations and inoculation experiments demonstrated that Prospodium bicolor sp. nov. is a long cycled, autoecious rust that parasitizes Tabebuia serratifolia in Trinidad, and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This rust is characterized by its bilaminate, apically unicapitate aecio- and urediniospores, two size classes and colors of teliospores whose walls have widely spaced aculeae, and relatively long pedicels with dichotomously branched, short appendages on the basal one-third. This rust causes a damaging disease of nursery plantings and young trees in Brazil. A key is included that contrasts the differences among the ten species of Prospodium that infect species of Tabebuia.

A re-evaluation of Aecidium crassocephali

The status of Aecidium crassocephali is re-examined with the discovery of an Aecidium -like rust on Emilia sonchifolia , growing in the vicinity of Crassocephalum guineense infected with A. crassocephali , and observation of germinated spores of A. crassocephali that gave rise to metabasidia bearing basidiospores. Examination of herbarium specimens of Endophyllum emiliae-sonchifoliae on E. sonchifolia from India, A. crassocephali on Crassocephalum sp. from Zambia, A. gynurae on E. sonchifolia from Sri Lanka and A. formosanum on E. sonchifolia from the Philippines revealed that they are all the same fungus, Endophyllum sonchifoliae .