John G. Reid

The Atlantic region to Confederation : a history

Nearly thirty years ago W.S. MacNutt published the first general history of the Atlantic provinces before Confederation. An outstanding scholarly achievement, that history inspired much of the enormous growth of research and writing on Atlantic Canada in the succeeding decades. Now a new effort is required, to convey the state of our knowledge in the 1990s. Many of the themes important to todays historians, notably those relating to social class, gender, and ethnicity, have been fully developed only since 1970. Important advances have been made in our understanding of regional economic developments and their implications for social, cultural, and political life. This book is intended to fill the need for an up-to-date overview of emerging regional themes and issues. Each of the sixteen chapters, written by a distinguished scholar, covers a specific chronological period and has been carefully integrated into the whole. The history begins with the evolution of Native cultures and the impact of the arrival of Europeans on those cultures, and continues to the formation of Confederation. The goal has been to provide a synthesis that not only incorporates the most recent scholarship but is accessible to the general reader. The book re-assesses many old themes from a new perspective, and seeks to broaden the focus of regional history to include those groups whom the traditional historiography ignored or marginalized.

Britain's oceanic empire : Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds, c. 1550-1850

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.

The Multiple Deindustrializations of Canada's Maritime Provinces and the Evaluation of Heritage-Related Urban Regeneration

The Maritime provinces of Canada share with many other nations the experience of nineteenth-century industrialization and twentiethcentury deindustrialization. For deindustrialized areas, the social and environmental pressures imposed by deindustrialization are frequently held to be open to mitigation through urban regeneration projects that seek to build on existing cultural heritage and ultimately enable communities to thrive in both cultural and economic terms. In the Maritime provinces, however, two factors have greatly complicated the emergence of effective urban regeneration. One is the historical complexity of both industrialization and deindustrialization in the region, while the other is the critical weakness of evaluation criteria for defining success in urban regeneration and thus assessing the effectiveness of regeneration projects. Without advocating the adoption of a ‘one-size-fits-all’ model, and recognizing the complexity – even intractability – of the ‘wicked problems’ that attend any regeneration project, this essay will argue that historical and policy-related analysis can be combined to generate a regional approach to urban regeneration and its evaluation, which will take account of the need to maintain existing cultural integrity and to support processes of policy learning and social learning. London Journal of Canadian Studies, Volume 31 (2016). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited• UCL Press• Print ISSN 0267-2200 • Online ISSN 1475-1674 • DOI 10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2016v31.007

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Abbreviations

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Contents

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Commercial and social relations

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Diplomatic and military relations

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Index

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.

Britain's Oceanic Empire: List of Maps

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Frontmatter

In the mid-eighteenth century, some Britons who looked outward to the wider world discerned a transoceanic imperial presence that was global in both its ambition and scope. Long-established patterns of settlement and commercial activity had created extended regional networks of colonies and trading posts; worldwide warfare against the French and Spanish had projected the military and naval reach of the state far into the western and eastern hemispheres; and maritime exploration promised to open yet more spheres of British inl uence. These myriad overseas enterprises had become a single, if as yet only loosely integrated, empire and observers emphasised the strength, status, and comparative advantage that such developments afforded to Britain. In some imaginations, Britain now possessed a global empire, an accomplishment celebrated widely in architecture, song, verse, and visual art. 1 Other Britons, however, perceived the nation’s overseas activities quite differently – as haphazard, scattered, and unconnected – and saw not one coherent empire but instead several discrete areas of inl uence, each of which possessed its own distinctive forms and dei ning characteristics. 2 These divergent eighteenth-century interpretations of British overseas activities manifested the palpable uncertainty in how to interpret – and by extension govern – the diversity of enterprises that the English, Welsh, Irish, and Scots had established, many of which seemed quite incommensurable: an eighteenth-century logwood camp on the Miskito Coast of Central America differed greatly from the vibrant port city of1. Introduction: Britains oceanic empire H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid Part I. The Oceans: 2. Geographies of the British Atlantic world Stephen J. Hornsby 3. Britain in the Indian Ocean region and beyond: contours, connections, and the creation of a global maritime empire H. V. Bowen Part II. Sovereignty, Law, and Governance: 4. Imperial constitutions: sovereignty and law in the British Atlantic Ken MacMillan 5. Constitutions, contact zones, and imperial ricochets: sovereignty and law in British Asia Robert Travers 6. Company, state, and empire: governance and regulatory frameworks in Asia Philip J. Stern 7. The oriental Atlantic: governance and regulatory frameworks in the British Atlantic world Jerry Bannister Part III. Diplomatic and Military Relations: 8. Subjects, clients, allies or mercenaries? The British use of Irish and Amerindian military power, 1500-1800 Wayne E. Lee 9. Diplomacy between Britons and Native Americans, c.1600-1830 Eric Hinderaker 10. Diplomacy in India, 1526-1858 Michael H. Fisher 11. Army discipline, military cultures, and state formation in colonial India, 1780-1860 Douglas M. Peers Part IV. Commercial and Social Relations: 12. Seths and sahibs: negotiated relationships between indigenous capital and the East India Company Lakshmi Subramanian 13. The commercial economy of eastern India under early British rule Rajat Datta 14. Anglo-Amerindian commercial relations Paul Grant-Costa and Elizabeth Mancke 15. Placing British settlement in the Americas in comparative perspective Trevor Burnard 16. Britains oceanic empire: an afterword H. V. Bowen, Elizabeth Mancke and John G. Reid.